Dludla Siphokazi B K, Mashabela Leshasha T, Ng'andwe Brian, Makoni Pedzisai A, Witika Bwalya A
Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa.
Polymers (Basel). 2022 Aug 30;14(17):3580. doi: 10.3390/polym14173580.
Optimal vision remains one of the most essential elements of the sensory system continuously threatened by many ocular pathologies. Various pharmacological agents possess the potential to effectively treat these ophthalmic conditions; however, the use and efficacy of conventional ophthalmic formulations is hindered by ocular anatomical barriers. Recent novel designs of ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDS) using nanotechnology show promising prospects, and ophthalmic formulations based on nanotechnology are currently being investigated due to their potential to bypass these barriers to ensure successful ocular drug delivery. More recently, stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers have gained more attention based on their great potential to effectively treat and alleviate many ocular diseases. The attraction is based on their biocompatibility and biodegradability, unique secondary conformations, varying functionalities, and, especially, the stimuli-enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. This review introduces the design and fabrication of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers, including those that are responsive to endogenous stimuli, viz., pH, reduction, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate, and enzymes or exogenous stimuli such as light, magnetic field or temperature, which are biologically related or applicable in clinical settings. Furthermore, the paper discusses the applications and prospects of these stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers that are capable of overcoming the biological barriers of ocular disease alleviation and/or treatment for in vivo administration. There remains a great need to accelerate the development of stimuli-responsive nano drug carriers for clinical transition and applications in the treatment of ocular diseases and possible extrapolation to other topical applications such as ungual or otic drug delivery.
最佳视力仍然是感觉系统中最基本的要素之一，不断受到多种眼部疾病的威胁。各种药物制剂有潜力有效治疗这些眼科疾病；然而，传统眼科制剂的使用和疗效受到眼部解剖屏障的阻碍。利用纳米技术的眼科药物递送系统（DDS）的最新新颖设计显示出有前景的前景，基于纳米技术的眼科制剂目前正在进行研究，因为它们有可能绕过这些屏障以确保眼部药物递送成功。最近，刺激响应性纳米药物载体因其有效治疗和缓解多种眼部疾病的巨大潜力而受到更多关注。这种吸引力基于它们的生物相容性和生物可降解性、独特的二级构象、多样的功能，尤其是刺激增强的治疗效果和减少的副作用。本文综述了刺激响应性纳米药物载体的设计与制备，包括对内源性刺激（即pH值、还原、活性氧、三磷酸腺苷和酶）或外源性刺激（如光、磁场或温度）有响应的载体，这些刺激与生物学相关或适用于临床环境。此外，本文还讨论了这些能够克服眼部疾病缓解和/或治疗的生物屏障以用于体内给药的刺激响应性纳米药物载体的应用和前景。迫切需要加速刺激响应性纳米药物载体的开发，以实现临床转化，并应用于眼部疾病的治疗，并可能推广到其他局部应用，如指甲或耳部药物递送。
