Bayramov Emil, Tessari Giulia, Kada Martin
School of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Block 6, Room 6510, Nur-Sultan City 010000, Kazakhstan.
Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 104-102, KAI 2302, 10553 Berlin, Germany.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Aug 25;22(17):6416. doi: 10.3390/s22176416.
The present study was aimed at comparing vertical and horizontal surface displacements derived from the Cosmo-SkyMED, TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1 satellite missions for the detection of oil extraction-induced subsidence in the Tengiz oilfield during 2018-2021. The vertical and horizontal surface displacements were derived using the 2D decomposition of line-of-sight measurements from three satellite missions. Since the TerraSAR-X mission was only available from an ascending track, it was successfully decomposed by combining it with the Cosmo-SkyMED descending track. Vertical displacement velocities derived from 2D Decomposition showed a good agreement in similar ground motion patterns and an average regression coefficient of 0.98. The maximum average vertical subsidence obtained from the three satellite missions was observed to be -57 mm/year. Higher variations and deviations were observed for horizontal displacement velocities in terms of similar ground motion patterns and an average regression coefficient of 0.80. Fifteen wells and three facilities were observed to be located within the subsidence range between -55.6 mm/year and -42 mm/year. The spatial analyses in the present studies allowed us to suspect that the subsidence processes occurring in the Tengiz oilfield are controlled not solely by oil production activities since it was clearly observed from the detected horizontal movements. The natural tectonic factors related to two seismic faults crossing the oilfield, and terrain characteristics forming water flow towards the detected subsidence hotspot, should also be considered as ground deformation accelerating factors. The novelty of the present research for Kazakhstan's Tengiz oilfield is based on the cross-validation of vertical and horizontal surface displacement measurements derived from three radar satellite missions, 2D Decomposition of Cosmo-SkyMED descending and TerraSAR-X ascending line-of-sight measurements and spatial analysis of man-made and natural factors triggering subsidence processes.
本研究旨在比较2018 - 2021年期间，由宇宙天空中分辨率多任务成像卫星（Cosmo - SkyMED）、TerraSAR - X卫星和哨兵1号（Sentinel - 1）卫星任务获取的垂直和水平地表位移数据，以探测哈萨克斯坦田吉兹油田因石油开采导致的地面沉降情况。垂直和水平地表位移数据是通过对这三个卫星任务的视线测量进行二维分解得到的。由于TerraSAR - X卫星任务仅提供升轨数据，因此将其与Cosmo - SkyMED卫星的降轨数据相结合，成功实现了二维分解。通过二维分解得到的垂直位移速度，在相似的地面运动模式下显示出良好的一致性，平均回归系数为0.98。从这三个卫星任务中获得的最大平均垂直沉降速率为-57毫米/年。在相似的地面运动模式下，水平位移速度的变化更大，偏差也更多，平均回归系数为0.80。研究发现，有15口油井和3个设施位于沉降速率在-55.6毫米/年至-42毫米/年之间的区域。本研究中的空间分析使我们怀疑，田吉兹油田发生的地面沉降过程并非仅由石油生产活动控制，因为从检测到的水平运动中可以明显看出，与穿越该油田的两条地震断层相关的自然构造因素以及形成水流向检测到的沉降热点的地形特征，也应被视为地面变形加速因素。本研究对哈萨克斯坦田吉兹油田的创新性在于，对来自三个雷达卫星任务的垂直和水平地表位移测量进行交叉验证，对Cosmo - SkyMED降轨和TerraSAR - X升轨视线测量进行二维分解，并对引发沉降过程的人为和自然因素进行空间分析。
