ISAE-SUPAERO, University of Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France.
University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Aug 29;22(17):6493. doi: 10.3390/s22176493.
The Internet of Things includes all connected objects from small embedded systems with low computational power and storage capacities to efficient ones, as well as moving objects like drones and autonomous vehicles. The concept of Internet of Everything expands upon this idea by adding people, data and processing. The adoption of such systems is exploding and becoming ever more significant, bringing with it questions related to the security and the privacy of these objects. A natural solution to data integrity, confidentiality and single point of failure vulnerability is the use of blockchains. Blockchains can be used as an immutable data layer for storing information, avoiding single point of failure vulnerability via decentralization and providing strong security and cryptographic tools for IoE. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in such heterogeneous systems containing light devices presents several challenges and practical issues that need to be overcome. Indeed, most of the solutions proposed to adapt blockchains to devices with low resources confront difficulty in maintaining decentralization or security. The most interesting are probably the Layer 2 solutions, which build offchain systems strongly connected to the blockchain. Among these, zk-rollup is a promising new generation of Layer 2/off-chain schemes that can remove the last obstacles to blockchain adoption in IoT, or more generally, in IoE. By increasing the scalability and enabling rule customization while preserving the same security as the Layer 1 blockchain, zk-rollups overcome restrictions on the use of blockchains for IoE. Despite their promises illustrated by recent systems proposed by startups and private companies, very few scientific publications explaining or applying this barely-known technology have been published, especially for non-financial systems. In this context, the objective of our paper is to fill this gap for IoE systems in two steps. We first propose a synthetic review of recent proposals to improve scalability including onchain (consensus, blockchain organization, …) and offchain (sidechain, rollups) solutions and we demonstrate that zk-rollups are the most promising ones. In a second step, we focus on IoE by describing several interesting features (scalability, dynamicity, data management, …) that are illustrated with various general IoE use cases.
物联网包括从具有低计算能力和存储容量的小型嵌入式系统到高效系统的所有连接对象，以及无人机和自动驾驶车辆等移动对象。万物互联网的概念通过添加人员、数据和处理进一步扩展了这一概念。这些系统的采用正在爆炸式增长，并变得越来越重要，随之带来了与这些对象的安全性和隐私性相关的问题。数据完整性、机密性和单点故障漏洞的自然解决方案是使用区块链。区块链可作为存储信息的不可变数据层，通过去中心化避免单点故障漏洞，并为物联网提供强大的安全和加密工具。然而，在包含轻量级设备的这种异构系统中采用区块链技术带来了一些需要克服的挑战和实际问题。事实上，大多数为适应低资源设备而提出的区块链解决方案在保持去中心化或安全性方面都存在困难。最有趣的可能是第二层解决方案，它们构建了与区块链紧密相连的脱链系统。在这些解决方案中，零知识汇总 (zk-rollup) 是一种很有前途的新一代第二层/脱链方案，可以消除物联网或更一般地说，万物互联网中采用区块链的最后障碍。通过提高可扩展性和启用规则定制，同时保留与第一层区块链相同的安全性，zk-rollup 克服了区块链在万物互联网中的使用限制。尽管最近由初创企业和私营公司提出的系统证明了它们的承诺，但很少有科学出版物对这种鲜为人知的技术进行解释或应用，尤其是对于非金融系统。在这种情况下，我们的论文的目标是分两步为万物互联网系统填补这一空白。我们首先对提高可扩展性的最新提议进行综合综述，包括链上（共识、区块链组织等）和链下（侧链、汇总）解决方案，并证明 zk-rollup 是最有前途的解决方案。在第二步中，我们专注于物联网，通过描述各种有趣的功能（可扩展性、动态性、数据管理等）来描述各种一般的物联网用例。
