School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.
School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2022 Nov 15;322:115875. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115875. Epub 2022 Sep 5.
Canada's abundant and high-quality water resources support a growing human population, as well as thriving industrial and agricultural economies. However, recent intense drought conditions have raised concerns for current water resource availability. Patterns of long-term ground and surface water (GSW) changes, and their response to environmental conditions, land-use dynamics, and socioeconomic changes are not well-understood across this large and diverse country. To address this crucial gap, we identified regions of ground and surface water (GSW) changes in all the Provinces of Canada between 2002 and 2016 from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) datasets. We explored the relationships between GSW changes and environmental, socioeconomic, and land-use dynamics over time. We found that all the Provinces of Canada gained a net 4.46 mm Liquid Water Equivalent (LWE) per year, equivalent to a total increase of 66.9 mm LWE. GSW increases were significantly associated with the normalized difference vegetation index and evapotranspiration rates. In contrast, GSW declines were significantly related to deforestation rate, urban expansion, and economic development (median household income). Despite apparent widespread post-drought recovery detected from 2002 to 2016, the rapid GSW declines were also observed in almost all of Western Canada and part of Ontario, amounting to a net loss of 66.13 mm. This indicates that a pronounced drought had emerged. It is anticipated that Canada will be experiencing more frequent and severe droughts under ongoing climate change and increasing demand for water resources.
加拿大丰富且高质量的水资源不仅支撑着不断增长的人口，还促进了工业和农业经济的蓬勃发展。然而，最近强烈的干旱情况引起了人们对当前水资源供应的担忧。在这个幅员辽阔、地域多样的国家，人们对长期的地下水和地表水（GSW）变化模式及其对环境条件、土地利用动态和社会经济变化的响应还缺乏了解。为了解决这一关键差距，我们从重力恢复和气候实验（GRACE）和全球陆地数据同化系统（GLDAS）数据集确定了加拿大所有省份在 2002 年至 2016 年间地下水和地表水（GSW）的变化区域。我们探讨了 GSW 变化与环境、社会经济和土地利用动态随时间的关系。我们发现，加拿大所有省份的净年平均 GSW 增加了 4.46 毫米液态水当量（LWE），相当于总增加量为 66.9 毫米 LWE。GSW 的增加与归一化差异植被指数和蒸散率显著相关。相比之下，GSW 的减少与森林砍伐率、城市扩张和经济发展（家庭中位数收入）显著相关。尽管从 2002 年到 2016 年明显检测到了广泛的旱后恢复，但在加拿大西部几乎所有地区和安大略省部分地区也观察到了地下水和地表水的快速减少，总计净损失 66.13 毫米。这表明一场明显的干旱已经出现。在持续的气候变化和对水资源需求不断增加的情况下，预计加拿大将经历更频繁和更严重的干旱。
