McCabe Carla, Mosscrop Emma, Hodierne Ryan, Tor Elaine
School of Sport, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Aug 23;4:963578. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.963578. eCollection 2022.
Since the rule change permitting the inclusion of one dolphin kick during the underwater breaststroke pullout phase following a swim start or turn, there has been an emergence of several different pullout techniques adopted by elite swimmers. The aim of this study was to characterize the underwater breaststroke pullout technique trends and to assess the effectiveness of each technique as utilized by elite male and female swimmers. The sample included 60 swimmers ( = 26 male, = 34 female) competing across the 50, 100, and 200 m long-course breaststroke final races from the World Championships 2015, 2017, 2019 and Olympic Games 2016. An above-water camera was used to identify and measure the different phases of the underwater pullout techniques, which was found to be a highly accurate methodological approach (ICC = 0.97). From the 150 trials analyzed, three different pullout techniques were identified: the Fly-Kick First technique, the Combined technique and the Pull-Down First technique. Although the most common underwater pullout technique utilized by elite competitive breaststroke swimmers was the Combined technique ( = 71), followed by the Fly-Kick First technique ( = 65) and the Pull-Down First technique ( = 14), it was observed that technical selection deviates according to gender. This indicates that male and female swimmers should not be coached adhering to the same technical model. This study found no significant difference in terms of performance outcome with respect to each of these techniques, indicating that technique selection should be guided by one's individual preference. It was concluded that the results of this study will serve as an up-to-date resource for coaches and swimmers working with elite breaststroke swimmers and as a useful insight to current underwater pullout trends.
自从规则改变允许在游泳出发或转身之后的水下蛙泳蹬边阶段采用一次海豚腿以来，精英游泳运动员采用了几种不同的蹬边技术。本研究的目的是描述水下蛙泳蹬边技术趋势，并评估精英男女游泳运动员使用的每种技术的有效性。样本包括60名游泳运动员（男性26名，女性34名），他们参加了2015年、2017年、2019年世界锦标赛以及2016年奥运会的50米、100米和200米长池蛙泳决赛。使用水面以上的摄像机来识别和测量水下蹬边技术的不同阶段，发现这是一种高度准确的方法（组内相关系数=0.97）。在分析的150次试验中，识别出三种不同的蹬边技术：先飞踢技术、组合技术和先下拉技术。尽管精英竞技蛙泳运动员最常用的水下蹬边技术是组合技术（n=71），其次是先飞踢技术（n=65）和先下拉技术（n=14），但观察到技术选择因性别而异。这表明男女游泳运动员不应按照相同的技术模式进行训练。本研究发现，这些技术在成绩方面没有显著差异，这表明技术选择应以个人偏好为指导。得出的结论是，本研究结果将为与精英蛙泳运动员合作的教练和游泳运动员提供最新资源，并为当前水下蹬边趋势提供有益的见解。
