Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal.
J Sports Sci Med. 2020 May 1;19(2):397-407. eCollection 2020 Jun.
The main aim of this study was to compare the start, turn, and finish performance of 100 m and 200 m events in the four swimming strokes in elite swimmers of both sexes. The performances of all 128 finalists (64 males and 64 females) of the 100 m, and 200 m events at a major championship were analyzed. A set of variables related to the start, turn, and finish were assessed. In the start a significant and moderate race effect was verified in both sexes (100 m vs 200 m). It was highest in butterfly events (males: Δ = 9.81%, p = 0.046, η = 0.60; females: Δ = 7.96%, p < 0.001, η = 0.75). In the turn a significant and moderate-strong race effect was verified in all strokes in both sexes, the highest being in butterfly (males: Δ = 12.26%, p < 0.001, η = 0.93; females: Δ = 10.74%, p < 0.001, η = 0.92). The finish had a significant and moderate race effect in butterfly and in breaststroke (females). The underwater variables were found to be the main contributors to a faster start. Over the turn, key determinants were the surface variables. As for the finish, mixed results were observed. It can be suggested that the underwater profile was the main determinant in starting, whereas the surface profile was the main determinant in turning. Therefore, coaches are advised to focus on such race phases to enhance the total race time.
本研究的主要目的是比较男女优秀游泳运动员在四种泳姿中 100 米和 200 米比赛的出发、转身和终点表现。分析了重大锦标赛中所有 128 名 100 米和 200 米决赛选手（64 名男性和 64 名女性）的表现。评估了与出发、转身和终点相关的一系列变量。在出发时，男女均验证了显著的中等比赛效应（100 米对 200 米）。蝶泳项目的效果最高（男性：Δ=9.81%，p=0.046，η=0.60；女性：Δ=7.96%，p<0.001，η=0.75）。在转身时，所有泳姿在男女中均验证了显著的强比赛效应，蝶泳最高（男性：Δ=12.26%，p<0.001，η=0.93；女性：Δ=10.74%，p<0.001，η=0.92）。终点在蝶泳和蛙泳中对男女都有显著的中等比赛效应。水下变量被发现是更快出发的主要贡献者。在转弯过程中，关键决定因素是表面变量。至于终点，观察到的结果喜忧参半。可以认为水下剖面是出发的主要决定因素，而水面剖面是转弯的主要决定因素。因此，建议教练关注这些比赛阶段，以提高总比赛时间。
