Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, the Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Department of Kinesiology, Exercise and Cardiovascular Health Outcomes Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and.
Clin J Sport Med. 2022 Sep 1;32(5):e485-e491. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001024. Epub 2022 Mar 1.
To characterize and compare the sport-specific cardiac structure of elite swimmers (SW), water polo players (WP), and artistic swimmers (AS).
A cross-sectional assessment of elite aquatic athletes' hearts.
The athletes' village at the 2019 FINA World Championships.
Ninety athletes from swimming (SW) (20 M/17 F), water polo (WP) (21 M/9 F), and artistic swimming (AS) (23 F).
An echocardiographic assessment of cardiac structure was performed on noncompetition days.
Male SW displayed primarily eccentric volume-driven remodeling, whereas male WP had a greater incidence of pressure-driven concentric geometry (SW = 5%, WP = 25%) with elevated relative wall-thickness (RWT) (SW = 0.35 ± 0.04, WP = 0.44 ± 0.08, P < 0.001). Female SW and WP hearts were similar with primarily eccentric-remodeling, but SW and WP had greater concentricity index than artistic swimmers (SW = 6.74 ± 1.45 g/(mL)2/3, WP = 6.80 ± 1.24 g/(mL)2/3, AS = 5.52 ± 1.08 g/(mL)2/3, P = 0.007). AS had normal geometry, but with increased posterior-wall specific RWT (SW = 0.32 ± 0.05, AS = 0.42 ± 0.11, P = 0.004) and greater left atrial area than SW (SW = 9.7 ± 0.9 cm2/m2, AS = 11.0 ± 1.1 cm2/m2, P = 0.003). All females had greater incidence of left ventricular (LV) posterior/septal wall-thickness ≥11 mm than typically reported (SW = 24%, WP = 11%, AS = 17%).
Male athletes presented classic sport-specific differentiation, with SW demonstrating primarily volume-driven eccentric remodelling, and WP with greater concentric geometry indicative of pressure-driven remodeling. Female SW and WP did not display this divergence, likely because of sex-differences in adaptation. AS had unique LV-specific adaptations suggesting elevated pressure under low-volume conditions. The overall incidence of elevated wall-thickness in female athletes may point to an aquatic specific pressure-stress.
描述并比较精英游泳运动员（SW）、水球运动员（WP）和艺术游泳运动员（AS）的特定于运动的心脏结构。
对精英水上运动员心脏的横断面评估。
2019 年国际泳联世界锦标赛运动员村。
来自游泳（SW）（20 男/17 女）、水球（WP）（21 男/9 女）和艺术游泳（AS）（23 女）的 90 名运动员。
在非比赛日进行心脏结构的超声心动图评估。
男性 SW 主要表现为离心性容量驱动重塑，而男性 WP 则更常见压力驱动的同心几何结构（SW=5%，WP=25%），伴有相对壁厚度升高（SW=0.35±0.04，WP=0.44±0.08，P<0.001）。女性 SW 和 WP 的心脏相似，主要为离心性重塑，但 SW 和 WP 的同心指数大于艺术游泳运动员（SW=6.74±1.45 g/（mL）2/3，WP=6.80±1.24 g/（mL）2/3，AS=5.52±1.08 g/（mL）2/3，P=0.007）。AS 具有正常的几何形状，但后壁特定的相对壁厚度增加（SW=0.32±0.05，AS=0.42±0.11，P=0.004），左心房面积大于 SW（SW=9.7±0.9 cm2/m2，AS=11.0±1.1 cm2/m2，P=0.003）。所有女性的左心室（LV）后壁/室间隔厚度≥11mm 的发生率均高于通常报道的（SW=24%，WP=11%，AS=17%）。
男性运动员表现出典型的特定于运动的分化，SW 主要表现为容量驱动的离心性重塑，WP 则表现为更大的同心几何结构，提示压力驱动的重塑。SW 和 WP 的女性运动员没有表现出这种差异，这可能是由于适应的性别差异。AS 具有独特的 LV 特定适应性，表明在低容量条件下存在升高的压力。女性运动员中整体壁厚度升高的发生率可能指向特定于水的压力应激。
