Gubernick D J, Alberts J R
J Comp Psychol. 1987 Jun;101(2):169-77.
Most knowledge of parent-offspring relations in mammals is derived from studies of mother-infant interactions. Male parental care has been less well studied. We explored maternal and paternal behavior of the California mouse, Peromyscus californicus. Six pairs of parents and their young were videotaped continuously for 12 hours/day, on alternate days from Days 1 to 31 postpartum. Males exhibit all parental activities and to the same extent as displayed by mothers, except lactation. Male parental behavior begins on the day of birth. Mothers and fathers spend substantial and equivalent amounts of time in the nest and in physical contact with pups throughout lactation. Males devote more time than females to licking pups, although females engage in more pup anogenital licking. Mothers nurse for at least 4 weeks, and fathers and mothers both build nests and carry young. The biparental care system of Peromyscus californicus affords an opportunity to develop a broader, more complete view of parent-offspring relations.
大多数关于哺乳动物亲子关系的知识都来自对母婴互动的研究。对雄性亲代抚育的研究较少。我们探究了加州小鼠（加州林鼠）的母性行为和父性行为。六对亲代及其幼崽从产后第1天到第31天，每隔一天被连续录像12小时/天。雄性表现出所有的亲代行为，且除了哺乳外，其程度与母亲相同。雄性亲代行为从出生当天就开始。在整个哺乳期，母亲和父亲在巢穴中以及与幼崽身体接触上花费的时间相当且大量。雄性比雌性花更多时间舔幼崽，尽管雌性更多地舔幼崽的肛门生殖器部位。母亲哺乳至少4周，父亲和母亲都筑巢并携带幼崽。加州林鼠的双亲抚育系统为更全面、更完整地了解亲子关系提供了一个机会。
