The role of autophagic cell death in cardiac disease.

Cardiomyocytes undergo various forms of cell death during heart disease such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. Understanding the mechanisms of cell death in cardiomyocytes is one of the most fundamental issues in the treatment of heart failure. Among the several kinds of cell death mechanisms, this review will focus on autophagy-related cardiomyocyte cell death. Although autophagy plays an essential role in mediating cellular quality control mechanisms for cell survival, dysregulation of autophagy can cause cell death, referred to as autophagy-dependent cell death or type II programmed cell death. The recent discovery of autosis as a modality of autophagy-dependent cell death with unique morphological and biochemical features has allowed us to broaden our understanding of the mechanistic role of autophagy in cell death. Here, we discuss autophagy-dependent cardiomyocyte cell death, including autosis, in pathophysiological conditions of the heart.