School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Dec 20;853:158631. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158631. Epub 2022 Sep 7.
Carvone is a widely used chiral fragrance with two isomers (L-carvone and D-carvone). D-carvone smells like a caraway, whereas L-carvone smells like mint. Carvone imposes a potential burden on the aquatic ecosystem. However, the enantioselective toxic effect of carvone enantiomers on cyanobacteria remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of L- and D-carvone on the physiological processes and related gene transcription (phoU, rbcL, and mcyH) in M. aeruginosa. Results showed that in the presence of L- and D-carvone, the oxidative damage and inhibitory effects on growth occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. The contents of chlorophyll a and protein and the rbcL transcription level were inhibited in M. aeruginosa. In addition, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was heavily depleted because of various biological processes, including growth, oxidation reactions, and gene regulation. Meanwhile, L- and D-carvone stimulated the production and release of MC-LR and upregulated the expression level of the MC-LR-related gene mcyH. Intracellular MC-LR likely leaked to the water body under L-carvone exposure, posing a potential threat to the water environment. This study indicated that L- and D-carvone can regulate the physiological and metabolic activity of M. aeruginosa and show enantioselective toxic effects. The findings will also provide important insights into the influence of chiral fragrance on cyanobacterial blooms. Furthermore, this study will guide the safe application of chiral fragrance as personal care products.
香芹酮是一种广泛使用的手性香料，有两种异构体（L-香芹酮和 D-香芹酮）。D-香芹酮闻起来像葛缕子，而 L-香芹酮闻起来像薄荷。香芹酮对水生生态系统构成潜在负担。然而，香芹酮对蓝藻的对映选择性毒性效应仍不清楚。本研究旨在探讨 L-和 D-香芹酮对铜绿微囊藻生理过程及相关基因转录（phoU、rbcL 和 mcyH）的影响。结果表明，在 L-和 D-香芹酮存在下，氧化损伤和生长抑制作用呈浓度依赖性。叶绿素 a 和蛋白质的含量以及 rbcL 的转录水平受到抑制。此外，由于生长、氧化反应和基因调控等各种生物过程，细胞内三磷酸腺苷（ATP）大量耗竭。同时，L-和 D-香芹酮刺激 MC-LR 的产生和释放，并上调 MC-LR 相关基因 mcyH 的表达水平。在 L-香芹酮暴露下，细胞内的 MC-LR 可能泄漏到水体中，对水环境构成潜在威胁。本研究表明，L-和 D-香芹酮可以调节铜绿微囊藻的生理和代谢活性，并表现出对映选择性毒性效应。这些发现还将为手性香料对蓝藻水华的影响提供重要的见解。此外，本研究将指导手性香料作为个人护理产品的安全应用。
