Detection Limits of Tetrapolar Impedance Sensors for Tissue Differentiation.

Cancer recurrence is an important issue in bladder tumor resections, because tissue cannot generously be removed from the thin bladder wall without impacting its functionality. Electrical impedance measurements during an operation aim to support the surgeon in making the decision which tissue areas to preserve, because physiological changes in tissue due to cancerous mutations can be detected by their altered electrical characteristics. This work investigates the detection limits of tetrapolar sensors when the impedance of heterogeneous tissue is measured. To do this, a finite element analysis is carried out where the sensors are placed on a dielectric medium with inclusions of different sizes, conductivity, and locations relative to the sensor. It is shown that a sensor with four electrodes in a square performs poorly in comparison to a sensor where the electrodes are symmetrically shaped as rings around one center electrode. This is mainly due to its enlarged regions of negative sensitivity. Based on the results, a third, optimized sensor geometry is proposed that shows superior performance to the other sensors in terms of geometry factor, sensitivities, and tumor detection. In simulation, it can reliably detect tumors with only half the radius of the sensor surface. Smaller tumor fractions cannot be detected by either sensor.