Grupo de Ecología y Restauración Forestal (FORECO), Departamento de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Mycorrhiza. 2022 Nov;32(5-6):397-407. doi: 10.1007/s00572-022-01090-5. Epub 2022 Sep 10.
Sustainable agriculture is essential to address global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Hedgerows enhance aboveground biodiversity and provide ecosystem services, but little is known about their impact on soil biota. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are one of the key components of belowground biodiversity. We compared the diversity and composition of AM fungal communities at four farmland sites located in Central Spain, where 132 soil samples in total were collected to assess soil physical and chemical properties and the AM fungal communities. We compared the richness (number of AM fungal taxa), taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, and structure of the AM fungal communities across three farmland habitat types, namely hedgerows, woody crops (olive groves and vineyard), and herbaceous crops (barley, sunflower, and wheat). Our results showed positive effects of hedgerows on most diversity metrics. Almost 60% of the AM fungal taxa were shared among the three farmland habitat types. Hedgerows increased AM fungal taxonomic richness (31%) and alpha diversity (25%), and especially so compared to herbaceous crops (45% and 28%, respectively). Hedgerows harbored elevated proportions of AM fungi with non-ruderal life-history strategies. AM fungal communities were more similar between hedgerows and woody crops than between hedgerows and adjacent herbaceous crops, possibly because of differences in tillage and fertilization. Unexpectedly, hedgerows reduced phylogenetic diversity, which might be related to more selective associations of AM fungi with woody plants than with herbaceous crops. Overall, the results suggest that planting hedgerows contributes to maintain belowground diversity. Thus, European farmers should plant more hedgerows to attain the goals of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.
可持续农业对于应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失等全球性挑战至关重要。树篱可以提高地上生物多样性并提供生态系统服务，但人们对其对土壤生物区系的影响知之甚少。丛枝菌根（AM）真菌是地下生物多样性的关键组成部分之一。我们比较了位于西班牙中部的四个农田地点的 AM 真菌群落的多样性和组成，总共采集了 132 个土壤样本，以评估土壤物理和化学性质以及 AM 真菌群落。我们比较了三种农田生境类型（树篱、木本作物（橄榄园和葡萄园）和草本作物（大麦、向日葵和小麦）的 AM 真菌群落的丰富度（AM 真菌类群的数量）、分类学、功能和系统发育多样性以及结构。我们的结果表明树篱对大多数多样性指标具有积极影响。三种农田生境类型中有近 60％的 AM 真菌类群是共享的。树篱增加了 AM 真菌的分类丰富度（31％）和 alpha 多样性（25％），与草本作物相比（分别为 45％和 28％）尤其如此。树篱中存在较高比例的具有非杂草生活史策略的 AM 真菌。树篱和木本作物之间的 AM 真菌群落比树篱和相邻的草本作物之间的 AM 真菌群落更为相似，这可能是由于耕作和施肥的差异所致。出乎意料的是，树篱降低了系统发育多样性，这可能与 AM 真菌与木本植物的选择性关联有关，而与草本作物的关联则较少。总体而言，结果表明种植树篱有助于维持地下多样性。因此，欧洲农民应该种植更多的树篱，以实现欧盟 2030 年生物多样性战略的目标。
