Sanyal Avirup, Agarwal Sanskriti, Ramakrishnan Uma, Garg Kritika M, Chattopadhyay Balaji
Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029 India.
National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065 India.
J Indian Inst Sci. 2022;102(2):711-730. doi: 10.1007/s41745-022-00322-z. Epub 2022 Sep 7.
The current pandemic caused by the SARS CoV-2, tracing back its origin possibly to a coronavirus associated with bats, has ignited renewed interest in understanding zoonotic spillovers across the globe. While research is more directed towards solving the problem at hand by finding therapeutic strategies and novel vaccine techniques, it is important to address the environmental drivers of pathogen spillover and the complex biotic and abiotic drivers of zoonoses. The availability of cutting-edge genomic technologies has contributed enormously to preempt viral emergence from wildlife. However, there is still a dearth of studies from species-rich South Asian countries, especially from India. In this review, we outline the importance of studying disease dynamics through environmental sampling from wildlife in India and how ecological parameters of both the virus and the host community may play a role in mediating cross-species spillovers. Non-invasive sampling using feces, urine, shed hair, saliva, shed skin, and feathers has been instrumental in providing genetic information for both the host and their associated pathogens. Here, we discuss the advances made in environmental sampling protocols and strategies to generate genetic data from such samples towards the surveillance and characterization of potentially zoonotic pathogens. We primarily focus on bat-borne or small mammal-borne zoonoses and propose a conceptual framework for non-invasive strategies to tackle the threat of emerging zoonotic infections.
由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）引发的当前这场大流行，其源头可能追溯到一种与蝙蝠相关的冠状病毒，这重新激发了全球对理解人畜共患病溢出的兴趣。虽然研究更多地指向通过寻找治疗策略和新型疫苗技术来解决手头的问题，但解决病原体溢出的环境驱动因素以及人畜共患病复杂的生物和非生物驱动因素也很重要。前沿基因组技术的可用性极大地有助于预防野生动物中病毒的出现。然而，物种丰富的南亚国家，尤其是印度，仍缺乏相关研究。在这篇综述中，我们概述了通过对印度野生动物进行环境采样来研究疾病动态的重要性，以及病毒和宿主群落的生态参数如何可能在介导跨物种溢出中发挥作用。使用粪便、尿液、脱落的毛发、唾液、脱落的皮肤和羽毛进行的非侵入性采样，在为宿主及其相关病原体提供遗传信息方面发挥了重要作用。在此，我们讨论了环境采样方案和策略方面取得的进展，以便从这些样本中生成遗传数据，用于监测和鉴定潜在的人畜共患病病原体。我们主要关注蝙蝠传播或小型哺乳动物传播的人畜共患病，并提出一个概念框架，用于应对新发人畜共患病感染威胁的非侵入性策略。
