Department of Science Education, Aichi University of Education, 1 Hirosawa, Igaya, Kariya, Aichi 4488542, JAPAN.
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 6068501, JAPAN .
Zootaxa. 2022 Aug 8;5174(1):25-45. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.1.2.
Glandirana rugosa is known to include several geographic groups differing in sex chromosomes, and has been proven to be paraphyletic in mitochondrial phylogeny with respect to G. susurra. By analyzing genetic and morphological variation in a large number of individuals of Glandirana, we studied their taxonomic relationships. A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny, with the G. tientaiensis as outgroup, revealed two major lineages containing respectively (1) the East group of G. rugosa, G. susurra, and the Central and Southeast-Kyushu groups of G. rugosa; and (2) G. emeljanovi, and the North and West groups of G. rugosa. In contrast, in a nuclear DNA phylogeny based on SNP data, lineages of (1) G. susurra and East group, and (2) the remaining groups of G. rugosa and G. emeljanovi, were split, indicating a distinct status of the East group among G. rugosa. In adult morphology, there were only minor differences between the East group and the remaining groups of G. rugosa, but in larvae, the East group had significantly more sparse skin glands than the others. The exact type locality of G. rugosa is most probably in western Japan, not including the range of the East group. From these results, we describe the East group as a new species, G. reliquia, distinct from the remaining groups of G. rugosa. The new species with sexually homomorphic chromosomes is thought to represent a basic stock of Japanese Glandirana, which existed far before G. rugosa originated.
皱皮蛙属已知包含几个在性染色体上存在差异的地理种群，并且在与 G. susurra 的线粒体系统发育关系上被证明是并系的。通过对大量个体的遗传和形态变异进行分析，我们研究了它们的分类关系。以天台皱皮蛙作为外群的线粒体 DNA 系统发育树揭示了两个主要分支，分别包含（1）皱皮蛙的东亚种群、G. susurra 以及皱皮蛙的中南部九州种群；和（2）费梁氏小鲵，以及皱皮蛙的北部和西部种群。相比之下，在基于 SNP 数据的核 DNA 系统发育树中，（1）G. susurra 和东亚种群，以及（2）皱皮蛙的其余种群和费梁氏小鲵的分支是分裂的，表明东亚种群在皱皮蛙属中具有独特的地位。在成体形态上，东亚种群与皱皮蛙的其余种群仅有微小差异，但在幼虫阶段，东亚种群的皮肤腺体明显稀疏。皱皮蛙的确切典型产地最有可能在日本西部，不包括东亚种群的分布范围。基于这些结果，我们将东亚种群描述为一个新物种，命名为 reliquia，与皱皮蛙的其余种群不同。这个具有性同态染色体的新物种被认为代表了日本皱皮蛙的基本种群，它在皱皮蛙起源之前就已经存在了。
