Engineering of the Translesion DNA Synthesis Pathway Enables Controllable C-to-G and C-to-A Base Editing in .

Expanding the base conversion type is expected to largely broaden the application of base editing, whereas it requires decipherment of the machinery controlling the editing outcome. Here, we discovered that the DNA polymerase V-mediated translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) pathway controlled the C-to-A editing by a glycosylase base editor (GBE) in . However, C-to-G conversion was surprisingly found to be the main product of the GBE in and subsequent gene inactivation identified the decisive TLS enzymes. Introduction of the TLS pathway into a TLS-deficient mutant completely changed the GBE outcome from C-to-G to C-to-A. Combining the canonical C-to-T editor, a pioneering C-to-N base editing toolbox was established in . The expanded base conversion capability produces greater genetic diversity and promotes the application of base editing in gene inactivation and protein evolution. This study demonstrates the possibility of engineering TLS systems to develop advanced genome editing tools.