Effect of Terminal Electron-Withdrawing Group on the Photovoltaic Performance of Asymmetric Fused-Ring Electron Acceptors.

The terminal electron-withdrawing group is thought to strongly influence π-π stacking interactions and thereby the charge transport properties of fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs). In this work, we designed and synthesized three asymmetric/symmetric small molecule FREAs (, , and ), in which three electron-withdrawing functional groups with different polarities (phenyl-fused indanone < thienyl-fused indanone < F-modified phenyl-fused indanone) were selected as the terminal groups. Photophysical properties, electrochemistry, charge transport, and crystalline properties of the materials were studied to investigate the effect of electron-withdrawing abilities of the terminal groups on the properties of FREAs. Starting from the symmetric (two thienyl-fused indanone terminal groups), we have found that by simply replacing only one thienyl-fused indanone terminal group in symmetric with one difluorinated phenyl-fused indanone terminal group, the asymmetric -based organic solar cells (OSCs) can yield a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.21% and a promising fill factor (FF) of 78.1%, which are higher than those of symmetric -based OSCs (PCE = 15.18%, FF = 73.3%) and the asymmetric -based OSCs bearing one thienyl-fused indanone terminal group and one nonfluorinated phenyl-fused indanone terminal group (PCE = 14.28%, FF = 70.3%). The results indicate that the rational selection of terminal groups with different electron-withdrawing capabilities is highly desirable for designing high-performance asymmetric FREAs.