Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Mol Plant Pathol. 2023 Jul;24(7):675-692. doi: 10.1111/mpp.13268. Epub 2022 Sep 18.
Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize (Zea mays) caused by the gram-positive coryneform bacterium Clavibacter nebraskensis is an economically important disease in North America. C. nebraskensis is included within the high-risk list of quarantine pathogens by several plant protection organizations (EPPO code: CORBMI), hence it is under strict quarantine control around the world. The causal agent was reported for the first time on maize in Nebraska (USA) in 1969. After an outbreak during the 1970s, prevalence of the disease decreased in the 1980s to the early 2000s, before the disease resurged causing a serious threat to maize production in North America. The re-emergence of Goss's wilt in the corn belt of the United States led to several novel achievements in understanding the pathogen biology and disease control. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the pathogen taxonomy, biology, and epidemiology as well as management strategies of Goss's wilt disease. First, a taxonomic history of the pathogen is provided followed by symptomology and host range, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity mechanisms of the bacterium. Then, utility of high-throughput molecular approaches in the precise detection and identification of the pathogen and the management strategies of the disease are explained. Finally, we highlight the role of integrated pest management strategies to combat the risk of Goss's wilt in the 21st century maize industry.
Large (2-15 cm) tan to grey elongated oval lesions with wavy, irregular water-soaked margins on the leaves. The lesions often start at the leaf tip or are associated with wounding caused by hail or wind damage. Small (1 mm in diameter), dark, discontinuous water-soaked spots, known as "freckles", can be observed in the periphery of lesions. When backlit, the freckles appear translucent. Early infection (prior to growth stage V6) may become systemic and cause seedlings to wilt, wither, and die. Coalescence of lesions results in leaf blighting.
Maize (Zea mays) is the only economic host of the pathogen. A number of Poaceae species are reported to act as secondary hosts for C. nebraskensis.
Class: Actinobacteria; Order: Micrococcales; Family: Microbacteriaceae; Genus: Clavibacter; Species: Clavibacter nebraskensis.
Corynebacterium nebraskense (Schuster, 1970) Vidaver & Mandel 1974; Corynebacterium michiganense pv. nebraskense (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Dye & Kemp 1977; Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. nebraskense (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Carlson & Vidaver 1982; Clavibacter michiganense subsp. nebraskense (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Davis et al. 1984; Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Vidaver & Mandel 1974) Davis et al. 1984.
ATCC 27794 ; CFBP 2405 ; ICMP 3298 ; LMG 3700 ; NCPPB 2581 .
Cells are gram-positive, orange-pigmented, pleomorphic club- or rod-shaped, nonspore-forming, nonmotile, and without flagella, approximately 0.5 × 1-2.0 μm.
The pathogen is restricted to Canada and the United States.
EPPO code CORBNE.
由革兰氏阳性棒状杆菌细菌引起的玉米细菌性枯萎病和叶斑病（Zea mays）是北美一种经济上重要的疾病。C. nebraskensis 被列入几个植物保护组织（EPPO 代码：CORBMI）的高风险检疫病原体清单，因此在全球范围内受到严格的检疫控制。该病原体于 1969 年在美国内布拉斯加州首次报道在玉米上发生。在 20 世纪 70 年代爆发后，该疾病的发病率在 20 世纪 80 年代至本世纪初有所下降，然后再次流行，对北美玉米生产造成严重威胁。在美国玉米带重新出现的 Goss 枯萎病导致人们在了解病原体生物学和疾病控制方面取得了几项新的成就。在这篇综述中，我们提供了有关 Goss 枯萎病病原体的分类学、生物学和流行病学以及管理策略的最新概述。首先，提供了病原体的分类学史，随后介绍了症状和宿主范围、细菌的遗传多样性和致病性机制。然后，解释了高通量分子方法在病原体的精确检测和鉴定以及疾病管理策略中的应用。最后，强调了综合虫害管理策略在 21 世纪玉米产业中对抗 Goss 枯萎病风险的作用。
叶片上出现大（2-15 厘米）淡褐色到灰色长椭圆形病变，边缘呈波浪状、不规则水渍状。病变通常从叶尖开始，或与由冰雹或风害造成的损伤有关。在病变的周边可以观察到小（直径 1 毫米）、深黑色、不连续水渍斑点，称为“斑点”。当背光灯照射时，斑点呈现半透明状。早期感染（在生长阶段 V6 之前）可能会导致系统感染，使幼苗萎蔫、枯萎和死亡。病变的融合导致叶片枯萎。
玉米（Zea mays）是该病原体唯一的经济宿主。有报道称，一些禾本科植物是 C. nebraskensis 的次生宿主。
类：放线菌；目：微球菌目；科：微杆菌科；属：棒杆菌属；种：内布拉斯加州棒杆菌。
内布拉斯加州棒杆菌（Schuster，1970） Vidaver 和 Mandel 1974；密歇根棒杆菌玉米变种（Vidaver 和 Mandel 1974）Dye 和 Kemp 1977；密歇根棒杆菌亚种内布拉斯加州（Vidaver 和 Mandel 1974）Carlson 和 Vidaver 1982；玉米棒杆菌亚种内布拉斯加州（Vidaver 和 Mandel 1974）Davis 等人，1984；玉米密歇根亚种内布拉斯加州（Vidaver 和 Mandel 1974）Davis 等人，1984。
ATCC 27794；CFBP 2405；ICMP 3298；LMG 3700；NCPPB 2581。
细胞革兰氏阳性，橙色着色，多形性棒状或杆状，非孢子形成，非运动，无鞭毛，约 0.5×1-2.0μm。
该病原体仅限于加拿大和美国。
EPPO 代码 CORBNE。
Zotero 插件
