Pototskaya I V, Shamanin V P, Aydarov A N, Morgounov A I
Omsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin, Omsk, Russia.
Food and Agriculture Organization, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2022 Aug;26(5):413-421. doi: 10.18699/VJGB-22-51.
Wheatgrass (Th. intermedium) has been traditionally used in wheat breeding for obtaining wheat-wheatgrass hybrids and varieties with introgressions of new genes for economically valuable traits. However, in the 1980s in the United States wheatgrass was selected from among perennial plant species as having promise for domestication and the development of dual-purpose varieties for grain (as an alternative to perennial wheat) and hay. The result of this work was the creation of the wheatgrass varieties Kernza (The Land Institute, Kansas) and MN-Clearwater (University of Minnesota, Minnesota). In Omsk State Agrarian University, the variety Sova was developed by mass selection of the most winter-hardy biotypes with their subsequent combination from the population of wheatgrass obtained from The Land Institute. The average grain yield of the variety Sova is 9.2 dt/ha, green mass is 210.0 dt/ ha, and hay is 71.0 dt/ha. Wheatgrass is a crop with a large production potential, benef icial environmental properties, and valuable grain for functional food. Many publications show the advantages of growing the Kernza variety compared to annual crops in reducing groundwater nitrate contamination, increasing soil carbon sequestration, and reducing energy and economic costs. However, breeding programs for domestication of perennial crops are very limited in Russia. This paper presents an overview of main tasks faced by breeders, aimed at enhancing the yield and cultivating wheatgrass eff iciency as a perennial grain and fodder crop. To address them, both traditional and modern biotechnological and molecular cytogenetic approaches are used. The most important task is to transfer target genes of Th. intermedium to modern wheat varieties and decrease the level of chromatin carrying undesirable genes of the wild relative. The f irst consensus map of wheatgrass containing 10,029 markers was obtained, which is important for searching for genes and their introgressions to the wheat genome. The results of research on the nutritional and technological properties of wheatgrass grain for the development of food products as well as the differences in the quality of wheatgrass grain and wheat grain are presented.
小麦草（中间偃麦草）传统上一直用于小麦育种，以获得具有经济价值性状新基因渗入的小麦-小麦草杂种和品种。然而，在20世纪80年代的美国，小麦草从多年生植物物种中被挑选出来，有望被驯化并培育出用于谷物（作为多年生小麦的替代品）和干草的两用品种。这项工作的成果是培育出了小麦草品种Kernza（堪萨斯州土地研究所）和MN-Clearwater（明尼苏达大学，明尼苏达州）。在鄂木斯克州立农业大学，通过对最抗寒生物型进行群体选择，随后从土地研究所获得的小麦草群体中进行组合，培育出了Sova品种。Sova品种的平均谷物产量为9.2公担/公顷，绿色生物量为210.0公担/公顷，干草产量为71.0公担/公顷。小麦草是一种具有巨大生产潜力、有益环境特性且其谷物对功能性食品有价值的作物。许多出版物表明，与一年生作物相比，种植Kernza品种在减少地下水硝酸盐污染、增加土壤碳固存以及降低能源和经济成本方面具有优势。然而，俄罗斯多年生作物驯化的育种计划非常有限。本文概述了育种者面临的主要任务，旨在提高产量并提高作为多年生谷物和饲料作物的小麦草种植效率。为了解决这些问题，采用了传统的以及现代生物技术和分子细胞遗传学方法。最重要的任务是将中间偃麦草的目标基因转移到现代小麦品种中，并降低携带野生近缘种不良基因的染色质水平。获得了包含10,029个标记的首张小麦草共识图谱，这对于寻找基因及其向小麦基因组的渗入很重要。还介绍了关于小麦草谷物营养和工艺特性以开发食品的研究结果，以及小麦草谷物和小麦谷物质量的差异。
