Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa.
Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa.
Molecules. 2022 Sep 6;27(18):5749. doi: 10.3390/molecules27185749.
Lam (syn. .) leaves are globally acclaimed for their nutritional content and mitigation of malnutrition. In most impoverished rural communities including Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal of South Africa, powdered leaves of are applied as a nutritional supplement for readily available food such as porridge for malnourished children and even breast-feeding mothers. Widely practiced and admired is also the use of the plant seed in the do-it-yourself purification of water by rural South Africans. This study aimed at identifying the chemical and nutritional marker compounds present in South African seed oils using high resolution 1-2-dimension gas chromatography in order to give scientific validation to its uses in cosmetics and particularly in culinary practices. Results obtained from two-dimension tandem mass spectrometry chemical signature revealed over 250 compounds, five times more than those reported from one-dimension gas chromatography. Whereas previous reports from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis reported oleic acid (70-78%) as the major compound from oil samples from other countries, seed oil from South Africa is marked by 13-octadeaconic acid with 78.62% and 41.9% as the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid in the hexane and dichloromethane extracts respectively. This was followed by vaccenic acid, an isomer of oleic acid at 51% in the acetone extract, 9-octadecanoic acid-(z)-methyl ester at 39.18%, 21.34% and 10.06% in dichloromethane, hexane and acetone extracts respectively. However, a principal component analysis with R = 0.98 of the two-dimension tandem mass spectrometry cum chemometric analysis indicated n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid-(z)-methyl ester and -vaccenic acid with a probability of 0.96, 0.88, 0.80 and 0.79 respectively as the marker compounds that should be used for the quality control of seed oils from South Africa. This study demonstrates that South African oils contain C-18 monounsaturated fatty acids similar to oils from Egypt (76.2%), Thailand (71.6%) and Pakistan (78.5%) just to mention but a few. These fatty acids are sunflower and olive oil type-compounds and therefore place seed oil for consideration as a cooking oil amongst its other uses.
（音译：兰姆）叶子因其营养成分和缓解营养不良而在全球范围内受到赞誉。在包括南非林波波省、姆普马兰加省和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省在内的大多数贫困农村社区，（音译：兰姆）的叶子被磨成粉，作为营养补充剂，添加到诸如粥等易于获得的食物中，供营养不良的儿童甚至哺乳期妇女食用。南非农村地区广泛使用的另一种做法是，用植物种子自行净化水。本研究旨在使用高分辨率的一维-二维气相色谱法，鉴定南非 种子油中存在的化学和营养标记化合物，以科学验证其在化妆品中的用途，特别是在烹饪中的用途。二维串联质谱化学特征分析结果显示，有超过 250 种化合物，是一维气相色谱法报告的化合物数量的五倍。而此前气相色谱-质谱分析报告称，来自其他国家的油样中，油酸（70-78%）是主要化合物，而南非 种子油的特点是 13-十八碳烯酸，正己烷和二氯甲烷提取物中的主要单不饱和脂肪酸分别为 78.62%和 41.9%。其次是油酸的异构体，即油烯酸，在丙酮提取物中的含量为 51%，在二氯甲烷、正己烷和丙酮提取物中的含量分别为 9-十八烷酸（z）-甲酯，分别为 39.18%、21.34%和 10.06%。然而，二维串联质谱和化学计量学分析的主成分分析（R = 0.98）表明，正十六烷酸、油酸、9-十八烷酸（z）-甲酯和油烯酸的概率分别为 0.96、0.88、0.80 和 0.79，是南非 种子油质量控制应使用的标记化合物。本研究表明，南非 油中含有与埃及（76.2%）、泰国（71.6%）和巴基斯坦（78.5%）等国油相似的 C-18 单不饱和脂肪酸。这些脂肪酸是葵花籽油和橄榄油的典型化合物，因此可以考虑将 种子油作为烹饪油使用，此外还有其他用途。
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