Effect of an herbal formulation containing L. and L. on oxidative stress, memory impairment and withdrawal syndrome induced by morphine.

Traditional Persian medicine has introduced effective remedies in opioid dependence care. One of the most widely used remedies is an herbal formulation containing L. and L. (HF). This study investigated the effects of HF to attenuate the withdrawal signs and rewarding effects in morphine-dependent rats. Forty-nine male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups. The control and vehicle groups received normal saline and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, respectively. The morphine group received morphine for one week. The single and daily dose of HF groups received morphine similar to the morphine group, and HF (1.4 and 2.8 g/kg) once a day in the daily dose group and only on the last day of the experiment in the single dose of HF group. Finally, the withdrawal signs as well biochemical tests were evaluated. The behavioral parameters were assessed by conditioned place preference (CPP), elevated plus-maze and Y-maze tests. The antioxidant activity of HF was evaluated by measurement of serum contents of malondialdehyde, stable nitric oxide metabolites and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Moreover, the protein expression of c-fos was assessed by western blotting. Daily treatment with HF significantly reduced the score of CPP behavioral test, all of the withdrawal signs, TAC and the c-fos protein level. The results indicated that HF might be a promising complementary treatment in reducing morphine-induced physical and psychological dependence probably through modulation of c-fos protein expression.