Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; email:
University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2023 Jan 23;68:69-88. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-013329. Epub 2022 Sep 28.
Mites are masters at attaching to larger animals, often insects, in a temporary symbiosis called phoresy that allows these tiny animals to exploit patchy resources. In this article, we examine phoresy in the Acari, including those that feed on their carriers in transit, from a broad perspective. From a phylogenetic perspective, phoresy has evolved several times from free-living ancestors but also has been lost frequently. Rotting logs appear to be the first patchy resource exploited by phoretic mites, but the evolution of rapid life cycles later permitted exploitation of short-lived resources. As phoresy is a temporary symbiosis, most species have off-host interactions with their carrier. These relationships can be highly complex and context dependent but often are exploitative of the carrier's resources or progeny. Transitions from phoresy to parasitism seem widespread, but evidence for transitions from obligate phoretic parasitism to permanent parasitism is weak.
螨虫是将自己附着在较大动物（通常是昆虫）身上的大师，这种临时共生关系被称为寄养，使这些微小的动物能够利用分散的资源。在本文中，我们从广泛的角度检查了节肢动物中的寄养现象，包括那些在运输过程中以其载体为食的螨虫。从系统发育的角度来看，寄养已经从自由生活的祖先那里进化了多次，但也经常丢失。腐烂的原木似乎是寄螨最早利用的分散资源，但快速生命周期的进化后来允许了对短暂资源的利用。由于寄养是一种临时共生关系，大多数物种与其载体之间存在离宿主的相互作用。这些关系可能非常复杂且依赖于环境，但通常是对载体资源或后代的剥削。从寄养到寄生的转变似乎很普遍，但从专性寄生到永久性寄生的转变的证据很薄弱。
