Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia.
School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom.
J Infect Public Health. 2022 Oct;15(10):1156-1165. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.008. Epub 2022 Sep 24.
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus' entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response.
猴痘病毒（MPXV）是一种类似于天花的人畜共患感染的病原体。尽管它在非洲流行，但最近已开始在世界其他地区传播。2022 年 7 月，世界卫生组织宣布猴痘为国际公共卫生紧急事件。本综述旨在概述这种被忽视的人畜共患病原体。MPXV 以两个不同的分支传播，中非和西非分支，其病死率分别为 10.6%和 3.6%。与动物或感染个体接触的人感染风险更高。病毒进入人体会引起自然和获得性免疫。尽管自然杀伤细胞、CD4+T 细胞和 CD8+T 细胞在消除 MPXV 方面发挥着重要作用，但人们对宿主对病毒的免疫反应仍存在认识上的差距。目前，尚无针对猴痘的特定治疗指南；然而，一些抗病毒药物，如特考韦瑞和西多福韦，可能有助于减轻疾病的严重程度。非药物干预和免疫接种的使用可以降低感染的风险。增加对猴痘病例的监测和识别对于了解这种重新出现且令人恐惧的疾病不断变化的流行病学至关重要。本综述详细介绍了 MPXV 在人类群体中的出现和传播、感染风险、人体免疫反应、疾病诊断和预防策略以及未来影响，并强调了研究界更多地参与该疾病以实现有效全球应对的重要性。
