Wallach Arian D, Ramp Daniel, Benítez-López Ana, Wooster Eamonn I F, Carroll Scott, Carthey Alexandra J R, Rogers Erin I E, Middleton Owen, Zawada Kyle J A, Svenning Jens-Christian, Avidor Ella, Lundgren Erick
School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Centre for Compassionate Conservation, TD School, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.
Conserv Biol. 2023 Apr;37(2):e14012. doi: 10.1111/cobi.14012. Epub 2022 Nov 29.
The prey naivety hypothesis posits that prey are vulnerable to introduced predators because many generations in slow gradual coevolution are needed for appropriate avoidance responses to develop. It predicts that prey will be more responsive to native than introduced predators and less responsive to introduced predators that differ substantially from native predators and from those newly established. To test these predictions, we conducted a global meta-analysis of studies that measured the wariness responses of small mammals to the scent of sympatric mammalian mesopredators. We identified 26 studies that met our selection criteria. These studies comprised 134 experiments reporting on the responses of 36 small mammal species to the scent of six introduced mesopredators and 12 native mesopredators. For each introduced mesopredator, we measured their phylogenetic and functional distance to local native mesopredators and the number of years sympatric with their prey. We used predator and prey body mass as a measure of predation risk. Globally, small mammals were similarly wary of the scent of native and introduced mesopredators; phylogenetic and functional distance between introduced mesopredators and closest native mesopredators had no effect on wariness; and wariness was unrelated to the number of prey generations, or years, since first contact with introduced mesopredators. Small mammal wariness was associated with predator-prey body mass ratio, regardless of the nativity. The one thing animals do not seem to recognize is whether their predators are native.
猎物幼稚假说认为，猎物易受外来捕食者的攻击，因为需要许多代缓慢渐进的共同进化才能形成适当的回避反应。该假说预测，猎物对本地捕食者的反应会比对外来捕食者更敏感，而对与本地捕食者以及新建立的捕食者有很大差异的外来捕食者反应则较不敏感。为了验证这些预测，我们对一些研究进行了一项全球荟萃分析，这些研究测量了小型哺乳动物对同域哺乳动物中捕食者气味的警惕反应。我们确定了26项符合我们选择标准的研究。这些研究包括134个实验，报告了36种小型哺乳动物对6种外来中捕食者和12种本地中捕食者气味的反应。对于每种外来中捕食者，我们测量了它们与当地本地中捕食者的系统发育和功能距离，以及与猎物同域的年数。我们用捕食者和猎物的体重作为捕食风险的衡量指标。在全球范围内，小型哺乳动物对本地和外来中捕食者的气味同样警惕；外来中捕食者与最接近的本地中捕食者之间的系统发育和功能距离对警惕性没有影响；警惕性与自首次接触外来中捕食者以来的猎物世代数或年数无关。无论其来源如何，小型哺乳动物的警惕性都与捕食者与猎物的体重比有关。动物似乎无法识别的一点是它们的捕食者是否是本地的。
