Moore Dwayne R J, Priest Colleen D
Intrinsik Ltd, New Gloucester, Maine.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2023 Mar;19(2):527-546. doi: 10.1002/ieam.4693. Epub 2022 Oct 25.
The USEPA, National Marine Fisheries Service, and Fish and Wildlife Service are required to assess the risks of pesticides undergoing registration or reregistration to threatened and endangered (i.e., listed) species. Currently, the USEPA lacks a refined model to assess the risks of seed treatments to listed bird species. We developed the Endangered Species Assessment Seed Treatment Probabilistic Avian Risk Assessment Model (ESASeedPARAM) to incorporate species-specific diets, body weights, and food ingestion rates for potentially exposed listed bird species. The model also incorporates information on dissipation of seed residues after planting, and metabolism and elimination by birds during exposure. The ESASeedPARAM estimates hourly intake from ingestion of treated seeds for up to 50 days after planting. For each simulated bird, maximum retained dose (= body burden) and maximum rolling average total daily intake are estimated for acute and chronic exposure, respectively. The model is probabilistic and estimates exposure and risk for 20 birds on each of 1000 fields. The model accounts for interfield variation in the amount of waste grain on the soil surface in tilled, reduced till, and untilled fields. To estimate the fate of each bird from acute exposure, a random value is selected from the appropriate dose-response relationship and compared with the maximum retained dose. If acute exposure exceeds the randomly chosen effects value, mortality is assumed. For chronic risk, the most sensitive No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) and Lowest Observed Adverse Effects Level (LOAEL) for an apical endpoint (survival, growth, reproduction) are compared with maximum rolling average total daily intake. In this article, we describe a case study conducted with the ESASeedPARAM for imidacloprid used as a seed treatment on wheat and soybean. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:527-546. © 2022 SETAC.
美国环境保护局、国家海洋渔业局和鱼类及野生动物管理局必须评估正在进行登记或重新登记的农药对受威胁和濒危（即列入名录）物种的风险。目前，美国环境保护局缺乏一个完善的模型来评估种子处理剂对列入名录的鸟类物种的风险。我们开发了濒危物种评估种子处理概率鸟类风险评估模型（ESASeedPARAM），以纳入潜在暴露的列入名录鸟类物种的特定物种饮食、体重和食物摄入率。该模型还纳入了种植后种子残留物消散以及鸟类在接触期间的代谢和消除的信息。ESASeedPARAM估计种植后长达50天内摄入处理过的种子的每小时摄入量。对于每只模拟鸟类，分别估计急性和慢性暴露的最大保留剂量（=体内负荷）和最大滚动平均每日总摄入量。该模型是概率性的，并估计1000个田地中每个田地上20只鸟类的暴露和风险。该模型考虑了耕地、少耕和免耕田地上土壤表面废粮量的田间差异。为了估计每只鸟类急性暴露后的命运，从适当的剂量反应关系中选择一个随机值，并与最大保留剂量进行比较。如果急性暴露超过随机选择的效应值，则假定死亡。对于慢性风险，将顶端终点（生存、生长、繁殖）的最敏感未观察到不良反应水平（NOAEL）和最低观察到不良反应水平（LOAEL）与最大滚动平均每日总摄入量进行比较。在本文中，我们描述了一个使用ESASeedPARAM对用于小麦和大豆种子处理的吡虫啉进行的案例研究。《综合环境评估与管理》2023年；19:527 - 546。©2022 SETAC。
