Clemow Yvonne H, Manning Gillian E, Breton Roger L, Winchell Michael F, Padilla Lauren, Rodney Sara I, Hanzas John P, Estes Tammara L, Budreski Katherine, Toth Brent N, Hill Katie L, Priest Colleen D, Teed R Scott, Knopper Loren D, Moore Dwayne Rj, Stone Christopher T, Whatling Paul
Intrinsik, Carleton University Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Stone Environmental, Montpelier, Vermont, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2018 Mar;14(2):224-239. doi: 10.1002/ieam.2002. Epub 2017 Dec 19.
The California red-legged frog (CRLF), Delta smelt (DS), and California tiger salamander (CTS) are 3 species listed under the United States Federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), all of which inhabit aquatic ecosystems in California. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has conducted deterministic screening-level risk assessments for these species potentially exposed to malathion, an organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide. Results from our screening-level analyses identified potential risk of direct effects to DS as well as indirect effects to all 3 species via reduction in prey. Accordingly, for those species and scenarios in which risk was identified at the screening level, we conducted a refined probabilistic risk assessment for CRLF, DS, and CTS. The refined ecological risk assessment (ERA) was conducted using best available data and approaches, as recommended by the 2013 National Research Council (NRC) report "Assessing Risks to Endangered and Threatened Species from Pesticides." Refined aquatic exposure models including the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM), the Vegetative Filter Strip Modeling System (VFSMOD), the Variable Volume Water Model (VVWM), the Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS), and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) were used to generate estimated exposure concentrations (EECs) for malathion based on worst-case scenarios in California. Refined effects analyses involved developing concentration-response curves for fish and species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for fish and aquatic invertebrates. Quantitative risk curves, field and mesocosm studies, surface-water monitoring data, and incident reports were considered in a weight-of-evidence approach. Currently, labeled uses of malathion are not expected to result in direct effects to CRLF, DS or CTS, or indirect effects due to effects on fish and invertebrate prey. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:224-239. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
加州红腿蛙（CRLF）、三角洲胡瓜鱼（DS）和加州虎螈（CTS）是被列入美国《联邦濒危物种法》（ESA）的3个物种，它们均栖息于加利福尼亚州的水生生态系统中。美国环境保护局（USEPA）针对这些可能接触到马拉硫磷（一种有机磷杀虫剂和杀螨剂）的物种开展了确定性筛选水平风险评估。我们筛选水平分析的结果确定了对三角洲胡瓜鱼的直接影响以及通过减少猎物对所有这3个物种的间接影响的潜在风险。因此，对于那些在筛选水平上确定存在风险的物种和情景，我们针对加州红腿蛙、三角洲胡瓜鱼和加州虎螈开展了精细概率风险评估。按照2013年美国国家研究委员会（NRC）报告《评估农药对濒危和受威胁物种的风险》的建议，利用可得的最佳数据和方法开展了精细生态风险评估（ERA）。基于加利福尼亚州的最坏情况，使用包括农药根区模型（PRZM）、植被过滤带建模系统（VFSMOD）、可变体积水模型（VVWM）、暴露分析建模系统（EXAMS）和土壤与水评估工具（SWAT）在内的精细水生暴露模型来生成马拉硫磷的估计暴露浓度（EECs）。精细影响分析包括绘制鱼类的浓度-反应曲线以及鱼类和水生无脊椎动物的物种敏感度分布（SSD）。在证据权重法中考虑了定量风险曲线、野外和中宇宙研究、地表水监测数据以及事件报告。目前，预计马拉硫磷的标签使用不会对加州红腿蛙、三角洲胡瓜鱼或加州虎螈产生直接影响，也不会因对鱼类和无脊椎动物猎物的影响而产生间接影响。《综合环境评估与管理》2018年；14：224 - 239。© 2017作者。《综合环境评估与管理》由威利期刊公司代表环境毒理学与化学学会（SETAC）出版。
