Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Sep 15;12:975398. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.975398. eCollection 2022.
The genus is made up of viruses that are either mosquito-borne or tick-borne and other viruses transmitted by unknown vectors. Flaviviruses present a significant threat to global health and infect up to 400 million of people annually. As the climate continues to change throughout the world, these viruses have become prominent infections, with increasing number of infections being detected beyond tropical borders. These include dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Several highly conserved epitopes of flaviviruses had been identified and reported to interact with antibodies, which lead to cross-reactivity results. The major interest of this review paper is mainly focused on the serological cross-reactivity between DENV serotypes, ZIKV, WNV, and JEV. Direct and molecular techniques are required in the diagnosis of -associated human disease. In this review, the serological assays such as neutralization tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination-inhibition test, Western blot test, and immunofluorescence test will be discussed. Serological assays that have been developed are able to detect different immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, IgG, and IgA); however, it is challenging when interpreting the serological results due to the broad antigenic cross-reactivity of antibodies to these viruses. However, the neutralization tests are still considered as the gold standard to differentiate these flaviviruses.
该属由蚊媒或蜱媒病毒以及其他通过未知媒介传播的病毒组成。黄病毒对全球健康构成重大威胁，每年感染多达 4 亿人。随着世界各地气候持续变化，这些病毒已成为突出的感染源，在热带以外地区检测到的感染病例越来越多。其中包括登革热病毒（DENV）、西尼罗河病毒（WNV）、日本脑炎病毒（JEV）和寨卡病毒（ZIKV）。已经鉴定出黄病毒的几个高度保守的表位，并报告它们与抗体相互作用，导致交叉反应结果。本文综述的主要重点是 DENV 血清型、ZIKV、WNV 和 JEV 之间的血清学交叉反应。与人类疾病相关的诊断需要直接和分子技术。在这篇综述中，将讨论血清学检测，如中和试验、酶联免疫吸附试验、血凝抑制试验、Western blot 试验和免疫荧光试验。已经开发出的血清学检测能够检测到不同的免疫球蛋白同种型（IgM、IgG 和 IgA）；然而，由于这些病毒的抗体具有广泛的抗原交叉反应性，因此在解释血清学结果时具有挑战性。然而，中和试验仍然被认为是区分这些黄病毒的金标准。
