Long-term exposure to PM and PM and chronic kidney disease: the Beijing Health Management Cohort, from 2013 to 2018.

Long-term exposure to ambient particulate pollutants (PM and PM) may increase the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the results of previous research were limited and inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationships of PM and PM with CKD. This study was a cohort study based on the physical examination data of 2082 Beijing residents from 2013 to 2018 in the Beijing Health Management Cohort (BHMC). A land-use regression model was used to estimate the individual exposure concentration of air pollution based on the address provided by each participant. CKD events were identified based on self-report or medical evaluation (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m). Finally, the associations of PM and PM with CKD were calculated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. During the research period, we collected potentially confounding information. After adjusting for confounders, each 10 μg/m increase in PM and PM exposure was associated with an 84% (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.33) and 37% (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.63) increased risk of CKD. Adjusting for the four common gaseous air pollutants (CO, NO, SO, O), the effect of PM and PM on CKD was significantly enhanced, but the effect of PM was no longer significant in the multi-pollutant model. The results of the stratified analysis showed that PM and PM were more significant in males, middle-aged and elderly people over 45 years old, smokers, drinkers, BMI ≥ 24 kg/m, and abnormal metabolic components. In conclusion, long-term exposure to ambient PM and PM was associated with an increased risk of CKD.