Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
Faculty of Human Care at Numazu, Tohto University, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan.
Nurs Philos. 2023 Jan;24(1):e12414. doi: 10.1111/nup.12414. Epub 2022 Oct 7.
Pragmatism emphasizes practical consequences and empirical explanations rather than introspective contemplations. However, the arguments of pragmatists are not uniform, as shown by the four prominent pragmatists presented in this article. The major difference between them is that Peirce and Haack acknowledge an objective truth, whereas James and Rorty do not. Thus, for a fuller understanding of the pragmatist view of our knowledge, both camps must be consulted. In the nursing field, pragmatism is occasionally referred to as a guiding philosophy. However, the influence of James and Rorty has been greater than that of Peirce and Haack on pragmatists, which may risk leading to a skewed understanding of pragmatism by nursing scholars. Still, the four pragmatists share naturalism, which rejects a metaphysics that defines the nature of knowledge before our enquiry and emphasizes experience and practice. Pragmatic naturalism can help ensure that nursing theory does not deviate from clinical practice. This article also explores the broad adaptability of the ideas of all four pragmatists to philosophical issues in nursing, such as mixed-methods research, epistemic relativism and realism. By showing that pragmatism can be relevant and stimulating to each of these topics, the article demonstrates that the different approaches to pragmatism can provide more inspiration for nurses and nursing researchers in the future.
实用主义强调实际后果和经验解释，而不是内省思考。然而，正如本文介绍的四位著名实用主义者所示，实用主义者的观点并不统一。他们之间的主要区别在于，皮尔士和哈克承认客观真理，而詹姆斯和罗蒂则不承认。因此，要全面理解实用主义者对我们知识的看法，必须参考这两个阵营。在护理领域，实用主义偶尔被称为指导哲学。然而，詹姆斯和罗蒂的影响大于皮尔士和哈克的影响，这可能导致护理学者对实用主义产生偏见。尽管如此，这四位实用主义者都有自然主义的观点，这种观点拒绝了一种形而上学，即在我们进行探究之前就定义了知识的本质，并强调了经验和实践。实用主义的自然主义可以帮助确保护理理论不会偏离临床实践。本文还探讨了四位实用主义者的思想对护理哲学问题的广泛适应性，如混合方法研究、认识论相对主义和现实主义。通过表明实用主义可以与这些主题中的每一个相关并产生启发，本文表明，不同的实用主义方法可以为未来的护士和护理研究人员提供更多的灵感。
