Hyperthermia-induced stellate cell deactivation to enhance dual chemo and pH-responsive photothermal therapy for pancreatic cancers.

For pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treatment, the deactivation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) by blocking the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway is a promising strategy to inhibit stroma, enhance drug penetration, and greatly amplify chemotherapeutic efficacy. It is known that photothermal therapy (PTT) locally depletes stroma and enhances permeability but whether and how PTT reacts in the molecular pathway to induce PSC deactivation in PDAC has rarely been investigated so far. Herein, C-G NPs are synthesized by loading both acid-responsive photothermal molecules and gemcitabine for investigating both the combinatory chemophotothermal therapy and the interaction between the PTT and TGF-β pathway in PDAC. Notably, C-G NPs exhibit tumoral acidic pH-activated PTT and succeeded in deactivating PSCs and suppressing the expression level for both TGF-β and collagen fiber. Furthermore, hyperthermia remodels the tumoral extracellular matrix, significantly improves NP penetration, and boosts the ultimate synergistic chemophotothermal therapeutic efficacy. Importantly, the molecular biology study reveals that hyperthermia leads to the decrease in the mRNA expression of , , , , and in the tumor tissue, which is the key to suppress tumor progression. This research demonstrates that combinatory chemophotothermal therapy holds great promise for PDAC treatment.