Valuing the contributions of non-native species to people and nature.

While decision-making can benefit from considering positive and negative outcomes of change, over the past half-century, research on non-native species has focused predominately on their negative impacts. Here we provide a framework for considering the positive consequences of non-native species relative to relational, instrumental, and intrinsic values. We demonstrate that their beneficial outcomes are common and profoundly important for human well-being. Identified benefits include social cohesion, cultural identity, mental health, food and fuel production, regulation of clean waters, and attenuation of climate change. We argue that long-standing biases against non-native species within the literature have clouded the scientific process and hampered policy advances and sound public understanding. Future research should consider both costs and benefits of non-native species.