Thermoregulation and diurnal rhythms in 1-week-old rat pups.

This paper reviews the ontogeny of thermoregulation and diurnal rhythmicity in rats. Additionally, original data are presented that indicate the emergence of an endogenous circadian core temperature rhythm during the first postnatal week. Despite neurological immaturity, newborn rats display autonomic and behavioral thermoregulatory responses within 24 h of birth. Their "biological clock" is already running before birth. The thermal environment of pups changes cyclically owing to diurnal variations in maternal behavior, but the core temperatures of 1-week-old pups huddling in the absence of the dam also show marked diurnal fluctuations. Five- to 8-day-old lean Zucker rat pups artificially reared in the absence of 24-h cycles of ambient temperature and food intake show diurnal changes in core temperature similar to those in huddling mother-reared pups. Diurnal core temperature changes, evident only when regulatory effectors are not overwhelmed, are one of the first self-maintained diurnal rhythms to appear. Because thermoregulation and circadian rhythmicity both appear before maturation of the neural networks believed to be critical for their control in adult animals, studying the immature rat might increase our understanding of the control of these processes in the more complex mature central nervous system.