Department of Odontology, Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Pediatr Res. 2023 Feb;93(3):570-578. doi: 10.1038/s41390-022-02328-w. Epub 2022 Oct 10.
We aimed to characterize breast milk microbiota and define associations with saliva and fecal microbiota and selected diseases in preschool children.
In a longitudinal cohort study, the microbiotas from breast milk, mouth, and fecal samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Questionnaires and medical records provided information on demographics, medical, and dental data.
The phylogeny in breast milk, saliva swabs, and feces differed at all levels (p < 0.0003), though all harbored species in Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Haemophilus. Species richness was highest in breast milk with increasing resemblance with the oral swab microbiota by increasing age. Caries-affected children at age 5 had been fed breast milk with tenfold higher abundance of caries-associated bacteria, e.g., Streptococcus mutans, than caries-free children (p < 0.002). At that age, taxa, e.g., Neisseria sicca were overrepresented in saliva swabs of children with otitis media (LDA score >2, p < 0.05). Gut symbionts, e.g., Bacteroides, were underrepresented in 3-month fecal samples in children later diagnosed with allergic disease (LDA score >2, p < 0.05).
Distinct microbiotas for the three sources were confirmed, though resemblance between milk and oral swab microbiota increased by age. Future studies should evaluate if the observed associations with disease outcomes are causal.
Few studies have studied the association between breast milk microbiota and gastrointestinal microbiota beyond early infancy. The present study confirms distinct microbiota profiles in breast milk, saliva swabs, and feces in infancy and indicates increasing resemblance between breast milk and the oral microbiota by increasing age. The fecal microbiota at 3 months was associated with later allergic disease; the saliva microbiota by age 5 differed between children with and without otitis media at the same age; and children with caries by age 5 had been fed breast milk with a higher abundance of caries-associated bacteria.
我们旨在描述母乳微生物群，并确定其与唾液和粪便微生物群以及学龄前儿童的某些疾病之间的关联。
在一项纵向队列研究中，通过 16S rRNA 基因测序对母乳、口腔和粪便样本中的微生物组进行了特征描述。问卷调查和医疗记录提供了人口统计学、医疗和牙科数据信息。
母乳、唾液拭子和粪便的系统发育在各个水平上均存在差异（p < 0.0003），尽管所有样本中均存在链球菌属、韦荣球菌属和嗜血杆菌属的物种。随着年龄的增加，母乳中的物种丰富度最高，且与口腔拭子微生物组的相似性也随之增加。5 岁时患有龋齿的儿童所摄入的母乳中与龋齿相关的细菌，例如变形链球菌的丰度高十倍（p < 0.002）。在那个年龄，奈瑟氏菌属等分类群在患有中耳炎的儿童的唾液拭子中过度表达（LDA 评分 > 2，p < 0.05）。在 3 个月大时，肠道共生菌，如拟杆菌属，在后来被诊断出患有过敏性疾病的儿童的粪便样本中丰度较低（LDA 评分 > 2，p < 0.05）。
确认了三种来源的独特微生物群，尽管随着年龄的增长，母乳和口腔拭子微生物群之间的相似性增加。未来的研究应该评估所观察到的与疾病结果之间的关联是否具有因果关系。
很少有研究在婴儿期之后研究母乳微生物群与胃肠道微生物群之间的关联。本研究证实了婴儿期母乳、唾液拭子和粪便中的微生物群存在独特的特征，并表明随着年龄的增长，母乳和口腔微生物群之间的相似性增加。3 个月大时的粪便微生物群与后来的过敏性疾病有关；5 岁时的唾液微生物群在年龄相同的情况下，患有中耳炎和未患中耳炎的儿童之间存在差异；5 岁时患有龋齿的儿童所摄入的母乳中与龋齿相关的细菌丰度更高。
