Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
Environ Res. 2023 Jan 1;216(Pt 1):114510. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114510. Epub 2022 Oct 8.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no cure. Although the etiology of sporadic ALS is largely unknown, environmental exposures may affect ALS risk.
We investigated relationships between exposure to long-term ambient particulate matter (PM) and gaseous air pollution (AP) and ALS mortality.
Within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) cohort of 161,808 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years at baseline (1993-1998), we performed a nested case-control study of 256 ALS deaths and 2486 matched controls with emphasis on PM constituents (PM, PM, and coarse PM [PM-]) and gaseous pollutants (NO, NO, SO, and ozone). Time-varying AP exposures estimates were averaged 5, 7.5, and 10 years prior to ALS death using both a GIS-based spatiotemporal generalized additive mixed model and ordinary kriging (empirical and multiple imputation, MI). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk of ALS death.
In general, PM and PM-related risks were not significantly elevated using either method. However, for PM, odds ratios (ORs) were >1.0 for both methods at all time periods using MI and empirical data for PM (coarse) except for 5 and 7.5 years using the kriging method with covariate adjustment.
This investigation adds to the body of information on long-term ambient AP exposure and ALS mortality. Specifically, the 2019 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Science Assessment summarized the neurotoxic effects of PM, PM and PM- The conclusion was that evidence of an effect of coarse PM is suggestive but the data is presently not sufficient to infer a causal relationship. Further research on AP and ALS is warranted. As time from symptom onset to death in ALS is ∼2-4 years, earlier AP measures may also be of interest to ALS development. This is the first study of ALS and AP in postmenopausal women controlling for individual-level confounders.
肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)是一种无法治愈的神经退行性疾病。虽然散发性 ALS 的病因在很大程度上尚不清楚,但环境暴露可能会影响 ALS 的发病风险。
我们研究了长期暴露于大气颗粒物(PM)和气态空气污染物(AP)与 ALS 死亡率之间的关系。
在 Women's Health Initiative(WHI)队列中,我们对 161808 名 50-79 岁的绝经后女性进行了一项嵌套病例对照研究,这些女性在基线时(1993-1998 年)入组,研究对象包括 256 例 ALS 死亡病例和 2486 例匹配对照,重点关注 PM 成分(PM、PM和粗颗粒物[PM-])和气态污染物(NO、NO、SO和臭氧)。使用基于 GIS 的时空广义相加混合模型和普通克里金法(经验和多重插补,MI),分别在 ALS 死亡前 5、7.5 和 10 年平均 AP 暴露估计值。使用条件逻辑回归估计 ALS 死亡的相对风险。
总体而言,使用这两种方法均未发现 PM 和 PM 相关风险显著升高。然而,对于 PM,在 MI 和经验数据中,除了使用协变量调整的克里金法的 5 年和 7.5 年外,对于 PM(粗粒),无论使用哪种方法,OR 值在所有时间段均大于 1.0。
这项研究增加了长期环境 AP 暴露与 ALS 死亡率的相关信息。具体而言,2019 年美国环境保护署(EPA)综合科学评估总结了 PM、PM 和 PM-的神经毒性效应。结论是,粗颗粒物的影响证据提示性但目前的数据不足以推断因果关系。需要进一步研究 AP 和 ALS。由于 ALS 从症状出现到死亡的时间约为 2-4 年,因此早期的 AP 测量也可能与 ALS 的发展有关。这是第一项针对绝经后妇女的 ALS 和 AP 的研究,控制了个体水平的混杂因素。