Ambrosini Luca, Presta Valentina, Galli Daniela, Mirandola Prisco, Vitale Marco, Gobbi Giuliana, Condello Giancarlo
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
Clinical Movement Analysis Laboratory, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
Sports Med Open. 2022 Oct 12;8(1):129. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00521-z.
Triathlon is a multisport composed of swim, cycle, and run segments and two transition periods. The swim-to-cycle transition is considered a critical period for the change in body position and the modifications in physiological (heart rate, VO, lactate) and biomechanical parameters (cycling power and cadence, swimming stroke rate). Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence regarding the physiological and biomechanical changes and their interlink during the swim-to-cycle transition hinting at practical recommendations for coaches and athletes. The influence of the swim segment on cycle one is more evident for short-distance events. Greater modifications occur in athletes of lower level. The modulation of intensity during the swim segment affects the changes in the physiological parameters (heart rate, blood lactate, core temperature), with a concomitant influence on cycling gross efficiency. However, gross efficiency could be preserved by wearing a wetsuit or by swimming in a drafting position. A higher swim leg frequency during the last meters of the segment induces a higher cadence during the cycle segment. Training should be directed to the maintenance of a swimming intensity around 80-90% of a previous maximal swim test and with the use of a positive pacing strategy. When athletes are intended to train consecutively only swim and cycle segments, for an optimal muscle activation during cycling, triathletes could adopt a lower cadence (about 60-70% of their typical cadence), although an optimal pedaling cadence depends on the level and type of athlete. Future research should be focused on the combined measurements of physiological and biomechanical parameters using an intervention study design to evaluate training adaptations on swim kick rate and their effects on cycling performance. Coaches and athletes could benefit from the understanding of the physiological and biomechanical changes occurring during the swim-to-cycle transition to optimize the overall triathlon performance.
铁人三项是一项包含游泳、自行车和跑步项目以及两个转换阶段的多项目运动。从游泳到自行车的转换阶段被认为是身体姿势改变以及生理参数（心率、摄氧量、乳酸）和生物力学参数（骑行功率和踏频、游泳划水频率）发生变化的关键时期。因此，本综述的目的是总结当前关于从游泳到自行车转换阶段生理和生物力学变化及其相互联系的证据，并为教练和运动员提供实用建议。对于短距离赛事，游泳阶段对第一阶段自行车骑行的影响更为明显。水平较低的运动员会出现更大的变化。游泳阶段强度的调节会影响生理参数（心率、血乳酸、核心体温）的变化，同时也会对骑行总效率产生影响。然而，穿着潜水衣或采用跟游姿势可以保持总效率。在游泳阶段最后几米较高的划水频率会导致自行车阶段有更高的踏频。训练应旨在将游泳强度维持在之前最大游泳测试强度的80 - 90%左右，并采用积极的配速策略。当运动员打算仅连续训练游泳和自行车项目时，为了在骑行过程中实现最佳的肌肉激活，铁人三项运动员可以采用较低的踏频（约为其典型踏频的60 - 70%），不过最佳的蹬踏频率取决于运动员的水平和类型。未来的研究应聚焦于采用干预研究设计对生理和生物力学参数进行联合测量，以评估游泳踢水频率的训练适应性及其对骑行表现的影响。教练和运动员可以从了解从游泳到自行车转换阶段发生的生理和生物力学变化中受益，从而优化铁人三项的整体表现。
