Gerelkhuu Zayakhuu, Lee Yong-Ill, Yoon Tae Hyun
Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Oct 4;12(19):3470. doi: 10.3390/nano12193470.
In recent decades, upconversion nanomaterials (UCNMs) have attracted considerable research interest because of their unique optical properties, such as large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emissions, non-photobleaching, and long lifetime. These unique properties make them ideal candidates for unified applications in biomedical fields, including drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and photodynamic therapy for specific cancers. This review describes the general mechanisms of upconversion, synthesis methods, and potential applications in biology and their biological responses. Additionally, the biological toxicity of UCNMs is explained and summarized with the associated intracellular association mechanisms. Finally, the prospects and future challenges of UCNMs at the clinical level in biological applications are described, along with a summary of opportunity for biological as well as clinical applications of UCNMs.
近几十年来，上转换纳米材料（UCNMs）因其独特的光学性质，如大的反斯托克斯位移、尖锐发射、无光漂白和长寿命，而引起了相当大的研究兴趣。这些独特的性质使其成为生物医学领域统一应用的理想候选材料，包括药物递送、生物成像、生物传感以及特定癌症的光动力疗法。本综述描述了上转换的一般机制、合成方法及其在生物学中的潜在应用和生物反应。此外，还对上转换纳米材料的生物毒性及其相关的细胞内结合机制进行了解释和总结。最后，描述了上转换纳米材料在生物应用临床水平的前景和未来挑战，以及其生物和临床应用机会的总结。
