Institute of Crop Science, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
Environ Pollut. 2022 Dec 15;315:120390. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120390. Epub 2022 Oct 14.
Nanoparticles have emerged as cutting-edge technology for the improvement of crops yield and safe cultivation of agricultural plants, especially in peripheral areas impaired with toxic heavy metals including chromium (Cr). The uncontrolled release of Cr mainly from anthropogenic factors is substantially polluting the surrounding environment, thereby extensively accumulated in soil-plant system. The excessive Cr-accretion in plant tissues disturbed the morph-physiological, biochemical, cellular, metabolic and molecular processes, and impaired the plants functionality. Therefore, it is obligatory to restrict the accumulation and toxic effects of Cr in plant organs. Recent studies on metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) such as iron oxide, silicon dioxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide have approved their efficacy as potent pool to curb the Cr-induced phytotoxicities and improved the plant tolerance. MNPs attenuated the bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity of Cr by utilizing key mechanisms such as improved photosynthetic machinery, regulation of cellular metabolites, greater chelation capacity to bind with Cr, release of corresponding metallic ions, upsurge in the uptake of essential nutrients, activation of antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic), reduction in oxidative stress, and cellular injuries, thus improvement in plant growth performances. We have briefly discussed the current knowledge and research gaps in existing literature along with possible recommendations for future research. Overall, Cr-detoxification by MNPs may depends upon the target plant species, Cr speciation, plant growth stages (seedling, vegetative and ripening etc.), treatment methods (foliar spray, seed priming and nutrient solution etc.), type, size, dose and coating of applied MNPs, and conditions (hydroponic and soil environment etc.). This review would help plant scientists to develop MNPs based strategies such as nano-fertilizers to alleviate the Cr-accumulation and its toxic impacts. This may leads to safe and healthy food production. The review outcomes can provide new horizons for research in the applications of MNPs for the sustainable agriculture.
纳米粒子已成为提高作物产量和安全种植农业植物的前沿技术，特别是在受到包括铬（Cr）在内的有毒重金属污染的周边地区。Cr 的人为因素的不受控制的释放主要污染了周围环境，从而广泛地积累在土壤-植物系统中。植物组织中过多的 Cr 积累扰乱了形态-生理、生化、细胞、代谢和分子过程，并损害了植物的功能。因此，必须限制 Cr 在植物器官中的积累和毒性作用。最近对金属纳米粒子（MNPs）的研究，如氧化铁、二氧化硅、氧化铜和氧化锌，已经证明它们作为抑制 Cr 诱导的植物毒性和提高植物耐受性的有效方法。MNPs 通过利用关键机制来减轻 Cr 的生物积累和毒性，如改善光合作用机制、调节细胞代谢物、增强与 Cr 结合的螯合能力、释放相应的金属离子、增加必需养分的吸收、激活抗氧化剂（酶和非酶）、降低氧化应激和细胞损伤，从而改善植物的生长性能。我们简要讨论了现有文献中的现有知识和研究空白，并提出了未来研究的可能建议。总体而言，MNPs 对 Cr 的解毒作用可能取决于目标植物物种、Cr 形态、植物生长阶段（幼苗、营养和成熟等）、处理方法（叶面喷施、种子预处理和营养液等）、类型、大小、剂量和应用 MNPs 的涂层，以及条件（水培和土壤环境等）。这项综述将有助于植物科学家开发基于 MNPs 的策略，例如纳米肥料，以减轻 Cr 的积累及其毒性影响。这可能会导致安全健康的粮食生产。该综述结果为 MNPs 在可持续农业中的应用研究提供了新的前景。
