Ali Sajad, Mir Rakeeb A, Tyagi Anshika, Manzar Nazia, Kashyap Abhijeet Shankar, Mushtaq Muntazir, Raina Aamir, Park Suvin, Sharma Sandhya, Mir Zahoor A, Lone Showkat A, Bhat Ajaz A, Baba Uqab, Mahmoudi Henda, Bae Hanhong
Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal 191201, India.
Plants (Basel). 2023 Mar 29;12(7):1502. doi: 10.3390/plants12071502.
Plants are very often confronted by different heavy metal (HM) stressors that adversely impair their growth and productivity. Among HMs, chromium (Cr) is one of the most prevalent toxic trace metals found in agricultural soils because of anthropogenic activities, lack of efficient treatment, and unregulated disposal. It has a huge detrimental impact on the physiological, biochemical, and molecular traits of crops, in addition to being carcinogenic to humans. In soil, Cr exists in different forms, including Cr (III) "trivalent" and Cr (VI) "hexavalent", but the most pervasive and severely hazardous form to the biota is Cr (VI). Despite extensive research on the effects of Cr stress, the exact molecular mechanisms of Cr sensing, uptake, translocation, phytotoxicity, transcript processing, translation, post-translational protein modifications, as well as plant defensive responses are still largely unknown. Even though plants lack a Cr transporter system, it is efficiently accumulated and transported by other essential ion transporters, hence posing a serious challenge to the development of Cr-tolerant cultivars. In this review, we discuss Cr toxicity in plants, signaling perception, and transduction. Further, we highlight various mitigation processes for Cr toxicity in plants, such as microbial, chemical, and nano-based priming. We also discuss the biotechnological advancements in mitigating Cr toxicity in plants using plant and microbiome engineering approaches. Additionally, we also highlight the role of molecular breeding in mitigating Cr toxicity in sustainable agriculture. Finally, some conclusions are drawn along with potential directions for future research in order to better comprehend Cr signaling pathways and its mitigation in sustainable agriculture.
植物常常面临不同的重金属胁迫，这些胁迫会对其生长和生产力产生不利影响。在重金属中，由于人为活动、缺乏有效处理以及无节制的处置，铬（Cr）是农业土壤中最普遍存在的有毒微量金属之一。它除了对人类具有致癌性外，还对作物的生理、生化和分子特性产生巨大的不利影响。在土壤中，铬以不同形式存在，包括三价铬（Cr (III)）和六价铬（Cr (VI)），但对生物群最普遍且危害最严重的形式是六价铬。尽管对铬胁迫的影响进行了广泛研究，但铬的感知、吸收、转运、植物毒性、转录加工、翻译、翻译后蛋白质修饰以及植物防御反应的确切分子机制仍 largely unknown。尽管植物缺乏铬转运系统，但它可通过其他必需离子转运体有效积累和运输，因此对耐铬品种的培育构成了严峻挑战。在本综述中，我们讨论了植物中的铬毒性、信号感知和转导。此外，我们强调了减轻植物铬毒性的各种过程，如微生物、化学和基于纳米的引发。我们还讨论了利用植物和微生物组工程方法减轻植物铬毒性的生物技术进展。此外，我们还强调了分子育种在可持续农业中减轻铬毒性的作用。最后，得出了一些结论以及未来研究的潜在方向，以便更好地理解铬信号通路及其在可持续农业中的缓解。
