Enhanced lead and copper removal in wastewater by adsorption onto magnesium oxide homogeneously embedded hierarchical porous biochar.

Removing non-biodegradable Pb and Cu is the top priority in wastewater purification, while adsorption is a green technology to remove them. Herein, MgO-embedded granular hierarchical porous biochar (HP-MgO@BC) was fabricated by pyrolysis of porous Mg-infused chitosan beads. MgO nanoparticles were homogeneously embedded throughout the hierarchical porous biochar matrix in a high-density and accessible manner, thus providing a large number of easily accessible adsorption sites. Pb and Cu sorption capacities on HP-MgO@BC are 1044.8 and 811.2 mg/g at pH 5, respectively. It could effectively remove Pb and Cu across a broad pH range of 2-7, and show excellent adsorption efficiency in the presence of interfering cations. It also possessed excellent reusability. In the fixed-bed operation, 7880 BV (78.80 L) and 1610 BV (16.10 L) of synthetic Pb and Cu wastewater could be purified by HP-MgO@BC packed column, respectively. The adsorption mechanism involves mineral precipitation, ion exchange, and surface coordination.