Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of History of Medicine and Bioethics, Sapienza University of Rome, 34/a Viale dell'Università, 00161, Rome, Italy.
International Medical School Tor Vergata, University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2023 Feb;47(1):483-489. doi: 10.1007/s00266-022-02989-2. Epub 2022 Oct 20.
The manuscript aims to clarify the origins of Western rhinosurgery through the ancient texts of the greatest physicians of the past, up to the Byzantine Era, focusing on the "exchange of knowledge" between peoples. This excursus is carried out by quoting the texts of the greatest doctors of the past, such as Hippocrates, Galen and Celsus and by analysing the works of Byzantine authors such as Oribasius, Aetius, Antillus, which, more than others, represent the moment of fusion and interpenetration of Ancient Medical knowledge, paving the way for the Medieval Scholae Medicae in the West. The aim, therefore, is to fill that sort of "great gap" (from the foundation of Constantinople in the 4th century AD to the early Arab culture in the 11th century AD) due to the fact that figures such as Branca, Vianeo and, finally, Tagliacozzi, are considered direct actors of a recovery of the "ancient knowledge" of classic authors. This literature tends to less evaluate, instead, that important and huge cultural exchange -literally osmotic- in medical and surgical knowledge between peoples and civilizations, that find a trait d'union in the application of medical knowledge and surgical practical techniques matured in the Byzantine, Arab and Early Medieval period. In final analysis, through the History of Rhinosurgery, this paper aims to highlight how Western medical knowledge is made up of the ensemble of cultures which are apparently distant and different from each other, which merge themselves in a truly universal and transcultural knowledge: the Medical knowledge. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
本文旨在通过追溯过去最伟大的医生的古代文献，直到拜占庭时期，来阐明西方鼻窦外科学的起源，重点关注不同民族之间的“知识交流”。这篇综述通过引用过去最伟大的医生的文本，如希波克拉底、盖伦和塞尔苏斯，以及分析拜占庭时期的奥里巴斯、埃蒂乌斯、安提卢斯等作者的著作来进行，这些著作比其他著作更能代表古代医学知识融合和渗透的时刻，为西方中世纪的医学学派铺平了道路。因此，其目的是填补那种“巨大空白”（从公元 4 世纪君士坦丁堡的建立到公元 11 世纪早期的阿拉伯文化），因为像布兰卡、维亚内奥，最后还有塔利亚科齐这样的人，被认为是恢复古典作家“古代知识”的直接参与者。这一文献倾向于较少评估，而是在医学和外科知识方面，不同民族和文明之间的重要而巨大的文化交流——从字面上看是渗透——这在拜占庭、阿拉伯和早期中世纪时期成熟的医学知识和外科实践技术的应用中找到了联系。总之，通过鼻窦外科学史，本文旨在强调西方医学知识是如何由看似遥远和不同的文化融合而成的，这些文化融合在一种真正普遍和跨文化的知识中：医学知识。证据水平 V：本期刊要求作者为每篇文章分配一个证据水平。有关这些循证医学评级的完整描述，请参阅目录或在线作者指南 www.springer.com/00266 。
