Baker T B, Morse E, Sherman J E
Nebr Symp Motiv. 1986;34:257-323.
Traditionally, theories of addiction have stressed that drug urges are characterized by dysphoria, occur in response to decreasing levels of drug or drug effect, and are associated with withdrawal symptoms/signs or drug-antagonistic responses arising from a homeostatic mechanism. However, recent research has shown that urges, drug self-administration, and relapse all occur concomitant with both positive and negative affect, rising and falling levels of drug, and with drug-agonistic responses, as well as antagonistic/withdrawal responses. In keeping with recent theorizing about motivation and emotions, we believe that affective responding provides a readout of the motivational status of an organism (e.g., Buck, 1985). We conceive of urges as affects, whose activation mediates drug pursuit and self-administration. Moreover, we believe that affects are represented in neural networks comprising information on affect-relevant stimuli, responses, and meaning/expectancy. We believe that there are two types of urge networks. One, a "positive-affect" network, is activated, associatively and nonassociatively, by appetitive stimuli, especially appetitive drug actions that activate "GO" motivational incentive systems. Activation of this network is characterized by positive affect, drug isodirectional responding, attentional focus on a dominant response, and enhanced pursuit of appetitive stimuli--especially the drug. The operating characteristics of the positive-affect network, and the associated motivational systems, result in a drug's instating a positive feedback loop. Appetitive drug actions increase the likelihood of the pursuit of appetitive stimuli, and additional drug constitutes a prepotent candidate from among the available appetitive stimuli. This positive feedback loop may account in part for cardinal features of addiction: for example, the great relapse likelihood once any drug is sampled, the attainment of very high blood levels of a drug, and the pursuit of adjunctive appetitive stimuli while using a drug. The second type of urge network we have labeled a "negative-affect" network, and we believe it is activated, associatively and nonassociatively, by inappetitive stimuli or consequences (punishment, signals of punishment, frustrating lack of reward, etc.) and by withdrawal and signals of withdrawal (e.g., drug cues, which during the course of addiction are associated with both direct drug effects and withdrawal). Activation of the network is characterized by withdrawal symptoms and signs, negative affect, and drug seeking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
传统上，成瘾理论强调药物渴望的特征是烦躁不安，因药物水平或药物作用降低而出现，并与戒断症状/体征或由体内平衡机制产生的药物拮抗反应相关。然而，最近的研究表明，渴望、药物自我给药和复吸都与正负两种情绪、药物水平的升降以及药物激动反应以及拮抗/戒断反应同时发生。与最近关于动机和情绪的理论相一致，我们认为情感反应提供了生物体动机状态的一种读数（例如，巴克，1985年）。我们将渴望视为情感，其激活介导了对药物的追求和自我给药。此外，我们认为情感在神经网络中得到体现，这些神经网络包含与情感相关的刺激、反应以及意义/预期的信息。我们认为有两种类型的渴望网络。一种是“正性情感”网络，它通过适宜刺激，特别是激活“行动”动机激励系统的适宜药物作用，以联合和非联合的方式被激活。该网络的激活以正性情感、药物同向反应、对主导反应的注意力集中以及对适宜刺激——尤其是药物——的增强追求为特征。正性情感网络以及相关动机系统的运作特征导致药物形成一个正反馈回路。适宜的药物作用增加了对适宜刺激的追求可能性，而额外的药物是现有适宜刺激中最具优势的候选对象。这个正反馈回路可能部分解释了成瘾的主要特征：例如，一旦尝试任何药物，复吸的可能性就很大，药物会达到非常高的血药浓度，以及在使用药物时对辅助适宜刺激的追求。我们将第二种类型的渴望网络标记为“负性情感”网络，我们认为它通过不适宜刺激或后果（惩罚、惩罚信号、令人沮丧的缺乏奖励等）以及戒断和戒断信号（例如，药物线索，在成瘾过程中，这些线索与直接药物作用和戒断都有关联）以联合和非联合的方式被激活。该网络的激活以戒断症状和体征、负性情感以及觅药行为为特征。（摘要截选至400词）
