Adapting surgical 'bundles' to prevent surgical site infections in obstetrics and gynecology (Review).

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a complication in any surgical field and they are responsible for 38% of surgery-related patient deaths. Identifying appropriate prophylaxis and solutions to combat SSIs is of global interest. Several studies and reports on SSI raise awareness of this costly complication, both in terms of physical and mental suffering, and as a monetary burden. Knowing the risk factors and implementing strategies to reduce SSI risk represent an adequate approach to reduce SSI incidence. General risk factors of SSI are applicable in the obstetrics and gynecology field, alongside its specific characteristics, including immunological changes occurring during pregnancy, as well as disturbances of vaginal microbiota. The risk of SSI is determined by patient factors but also by preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative care. 'Bundle' prevention strategies have been smartly adopted and their efficiency has been demonstrated in colorectal surgery, cesarean deliveries and gynecological oncology surgeries. 'Bundle' measures may vary among studies, but they remain important prevention methods, which contribute to decreasing SSIs, which is a favorable outcome, and thus, are increasingly used as a routine practice. Therefore, healthcare personnel should aim for the early identification of risk factors to minimize the risk of SSI. All evidence-based methods for preventing and treating SSIs in all surgical fields should be considered to be integral components in order for the best care to be provided to patients.