Jia Hong, Wan Bin, Bu Te, Luo Yang, Ma Weiping, Huang Sen, Gang Liang, Deng Wei, Liu Zeyong
College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
Hunan Kuying Sports Development Co Ltd, Changsha, China.
Front Physiol. 2022 Oct 5;13:1023910. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1023910. eCollection 2022.
In 2022, 55 million Chinese children participate in campus football; however, there is no physical fitness standard, making it a priority task to enhance the current national program. This study aimed to explore a pilot method for the development of a reliable physical fitness standard. This study examined 765 male football players aged 9 to 11 in 2020 and 2022. The anthropometric and physical fitness assessments were conducted in accordance with the Chinese Football Association's field manuel. Physical fitness tests include sit and reach test, test, 30 m run test, and vertical jump test. Physical fitness standard was modeled using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). Data were fitted with appropriate GAMLSS distributions and smoothing term. P-splines were applied to smooth the model's parameters using the default local maximum likelihood method and link functions. Following diagnostics of fitted models, age-specific centile estimations were computed for physical fitness tests. In addition, players in each age group were categorized according to their body mass index as normal weight or overweight/obese. Welch's test was utilized to compare the group differences in physical fitness testing. The significance level was chosen at < 0.05. Sit and reach test, test, 30 m run test, and vertical jump test data were fitted with original Sinh-Arcsinh, Box-Cox power exponential, Box-Cox power exponential, and Box-Cox Cole and Green, respectively. Physical fitness standard for each age group is presented as tabulated centiles (1p, 3p, 5p, 15p, 25p, 50p, 75p, 85p, 95p, 97p, 99p). Overweight/obese campus football players did significantly worse ( < 0.05) on the test, 30 m run test, and vertical jump test than their normal-weight peers of the same age. This study developed the first physical fitness standard for 9 to 11-year-old campus football players in China. We made three recommendations to Chinese policymakers on sample size, data management, and field procedure for the creation of a national physical fitness standard.
2022年，5500万中国儿童参与校园足球；然而，目前尚无身体素质标准，因此加强现行国家计划成为一项首要任务。本研究旨在探索一种制定可靠身体素质标准的试点方法。本研究在2020年和2022年对765名9至11岁的男性足球运动员进行了调查。人体测量和身体素质评估按照中国足球协会的现场手册进行。身体素质测试包括坐位体前屈测试、[此处原文缺失一项测试名称]测试、30米跑测试和纵跳测试。身体素质标准采用位置、尺度和形状的广义相加模型（GAMLSS）进行建模。数据采用适当的GAMLSS分布和平滑项进行拟合。使用默认的局部最大似然法和链接函数应用P样条来平滑模型参数。在对拟合模型进行诊断后，计算了身体素质测试的特定年龄百分位数估计值。此外，每个年龄组的运动员根据其体重指数分为正常体重或超重/肥胖。采用韦尔奇检验来比较身体素质测试中的组间差异。显著性水平设定为<0.05。坐位体前屈测试、[此处原文缺失一项测试名称]测试、30米跑测试和纵跳测试数据分别采用原始的双曲正弦-反双曲正弦、Box-Cox幂指数、Box-Cox幂指数和Box-Cox科尔与格林分布进行拟合。每个年龄组的身体素质标准以表格形式呈现百分位数（1p、3p、5p、15p、25p、50p、75p、85p、95p、97p、99p）。超重/肥胖的校园足球运动员在[此处原文缺失一项测试名称]测试、30米跑测试和纵跳测试中的表现明显比同年龄的正常体重同龄人差（<0.05）。本研究制定了中国首个9至11岁校园足球运动员的身体素质标准。我们就制定国家身体素质标准的样本量、数据管理和现场程序向中国政策制定者提出了三点建议。
