Department of Environmental Studies, Kannur University, Kerala, 670567, India.
Department of Environmental Science, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641014, India.
Environ Monit Assess. 2022 Oct 25;195(1):29. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-10538-2.
The aim of the study was to determine the groundwater characteristics of rural and industrial zones in the Kannur region. In 2011, 25 groundwater data were collected from the centre for water resource development management (CWRDM), and in 2019, 25 groundwater samples from rural and near-industrial areas were collected and analysed for major anions (HCO-, CO, Cl, NO- and SO), and cations (TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K and Fe) using APHA standards. To better understand the link between water quality parameters, multivariate statistical analysis approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), correlation matrix analysis (CMA), and Pearson correlation bivariate one-tailed analysis (PCBOTA) were used to analyse the inter-relationship of data. The Inverse Distance Weighed (IDW) method was used to generate the spatial distribution of the groundwater quality index (GWQI). In 2011, the water quality index (WQI) value of groundwater samples was excellent at 24.42% and good at 54.14%, which were used for drinking purposes and moderate at 17.22% and poor at 4.22% for irrigation purposes in this study area. In 2019, excellent 21.62%, good 51.56% were used for drinking purpose, and moderate at 18.14%, and poor at 8.68% for irrigation purposes. By comparing the data with BIS and WHO standards, it is clear that groundwater in Kannur district is of good quality. In groundwater samples, the PCA eigen values were reported in 2011 (84.7%) and 2019 (73.4%) for statistical approaches. This study uses HCA and PCBOTA to analyse the elements, resulting in a better understanding of groundwater quality development. GIS based WQI maps were obtained and utilised to gain a better knowledge of the study area's past and present water quality status. We observed that the quality of groundwater in the study region's north-western portion is insufficient for drinking water.
本研究旨在确定 Kannur 地区农村和工业区的地下水特征。2011 年，从水资源开发管理中心（CWRDM）收集了 25 个地下水数据，2019 年，从农村和近工业区收集并分析了 25 个地下水样本，以确定主要阴离子（HCO-、CO、Cl、NO-和 SO）和阳离子（TH、Ca、Mg、Na、K 和 Fe），使用 APHA 标准。为了更好地了解水质参数之间的联系，采用多元统计分析方法，如主成分分析（PCA）、层次聚类分析（HCA）、相关矩阵分析（CMA）和 Pearson 相关双尾分析（PCBOTA）分析数据之间的相互关系。采用反距离加权（IDW）方法生成地下水质量指数（GWQI）的空间分布。2011 年，地下水样本的水质指数（WQI）值为 24.42%为优秀，54.14%为良好，可用于饮用，17.22%为中等，4.22%为较差，可用于灌溉。在本研究区域。2019 年，21.62%为优秀，51.56%为良好，可用于饮用，18.14%为中等，8.68%为较差，可用于灌溉。通过将数据与 BIS 和 WHO 标准进行比较，可以清楚地看出 Kannur 地区的地下水质量良好。在地下水样本中，2011 年（84.7%）和 2019 年（73.4%）的 PCA 特征值用于统计方法。本研究采用 HCA 和 PCBOTA 分析元素，更好地了解地下水质量的发展。获得了基于 GIS 的 WQI 地图，并利用它们更好地了解研究区域过去和现在的水质状况。我们观察到，研究区域西北部地区的地下水质量不足以作为饮用水。
