Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Nov;25(31):30808-30817. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8617-1. Epub 2017 Apr 4.
The continuous growth and development of population need more fresh water for drinking, irrigation, and domestic in arid countries like Egypt. Evaluation the quality of groundwater is an essential study to ensure its suitability for different purposes. In this study, 812 groundwater samples were taken within the middle area of Upper Egypt (Sohag Governorate) to assess the quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. Eleven water parameters were analyzed at each groundwater sample (Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO SO , Fe, Mn, Cl, electrical conductivity, and pH) to exploit them in water quality evaluation. A classical statistics were applied for the raw data to examine the distribution of physicochemical parameters in the investigated area. The relationship between groundwater parameters was tested using the correlation coefficient where a strong relationship was found between several water parameters such as Ca and Cl. Water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical model used to transform many water parameters into a single indicator value which represents the water quality level. Results of WQI showed that 20% of groundwater samples are excellent, 75% are good for drinking, and 7% are very poor water while only 1% of samples are unsuitable for drinking. To test the suitability of groundwater for irrigation, three indices are used; they are sodium adsorption ration (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), and permeability index (PI). For irrigation suitability, the study proved that most sampling sites are suitable while less than 3% are unsuitable for irrigation. The spatial distribution of the estimated values of WQI, SAR, Na%, PI, and each groundwater parameter was spatially modeled using GIS.
人口的持续增长和发展需要更多的淡水用于饮用、灌溉和家庭用水，在埃及等干旱国家尤其如此。评估地下水质量是确保其适用于不同用途的必要研究。在这项研究中，在埃及中上部地区（索哈格省）采集了 812 个地下水样本，以评估地下水的质量，用于饮用和灌溉目的。在每个地下水样本中分析了 11 个水质参数（Na、K、Ca、Mg、HCO3、SO4、Fe、Mn、Cl、电导率和 pH），以用于水质评估。应用经典统计学对原始数据进行分析，以检查研究区域中理化参数的分布情况。通过相关系数测试地下水参数之间的关系，发现几个水质参数之间存在很强的关系，例如 Ca 和 Cl。水质指数（WQI）是一种将多个水质参数转化为单个指标值的数学模型，代表水质水平。WQI 的结果表明，20%的地下水样本是优秀的，75%是可饮用的，7%是非常差的水，只有 1%的样本不适合饮用。为了测试地下水对灌溉的适宜性，使用了三个指数；它们是钠吸附率（SAR）、钠百分比（Na%）和渗透率指数（PI）。对于灌溉适宜性，研究证明大多数采样点是适宜的，只有不到 3%的采样点不适宜灌溉。使用 GIS 对估计的 WQI、SAR、Na%、PI 和每个地下水参数的值的空间分布进行了空间建模。
