Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jan 20;857(Pt 3):159601. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159601. Epub 2022 Oct 22.
Bay is a unique part of the ecosystem, acting as the intersection for marine and terrestrial systems and hosting diverse biological organisms. The ubiquitous application of plastics has resulted in a massive amount of plastic waste released and accumulated in the bay ecosystem, posing significant ecological effects. Thus, thoroughly understanding plastic pollution's occurrence, speciation, and ecological effect in the bay ecosystems is of vital importance. We conducted a comprehensive review on the sources and distribution of plastics in the bay ecosystem, and the associate ecological effects, from individual toxicity to trophic transfer in ecosystems. Among bay areas around the world, the concentrations of microplastics vary from 0.01 to 3.62 × 10 item/m in seawater and 0 to 6.75 × 10 item/kg in sediment. Small-sized plastic particles (mostly <2 mm) were widely reported in bay organisms with the concentration range of 0 to 22.5 item/ind. Besides, the toxicity of plastics on marine organisms has been documented in terms of mortality, growth, development, reproduction, enzyme activity and transcription. Since abundance of small plastic particles (e.g., micro- and nano-scale) is far greater than large plastic debris in the bay ecosystems, in-depth risk assessment of small-sized plastics needs to be conducted under environmentally realistic conditions. Our review could provide a better understanding on the occurrence, speciation, and ecological effect of plastic pollution in the bay ecosystems.
湾是生态系统的一个独特部分，是海洋和陆地系统的交汇点，拥有多样化的生物有机体。塑料的广泛应用导致大量塑料废物被释放并在湾生态系统中积累，对生态系统造成了重大影响。因此，彻底了解塑料污染在湾生态系统中的发生、分类和生态效应至关重要。我们对湾生态系统中塑料的来源和分布以及相关的生态效应进行了全面的综述，从个体毒性到生态系统中的营养转移。在世界各地的湾地区，海水中微塑料的浓度从 0.01 到 3.62×10 项/m 不等，沉积物中的浓度从 0 到 6.75×10 项/kg 不等。在湾生物中广泛报道了小尺寸的塑料颗粒（主要<2 毫米），浓度范围为 0 到 22.5 项/个体。此外，塑料对海洋生物的毒性已在死亡率、生长、发育、繁殖、酶活性和转录等方面得到证实。由于湾生态系统中小尺寸塑料颗粒（如微纳米级）的丰度远远大于大尺寸塑料碎片，因此需要在实际环境条件下对小尺寸塑料进行深入的风险评估。我们的综述可以更好地了解塑料污染在湾生态系统中的发生、分类和生态效应。
