Analytical Chemistry and Control Department, Hot Labs and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
Analytical Chemistry and Control Department, Hot Labs and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt; Radioactive Waste Management Unit, Hot Labs and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
J Environ Radioact. 2023 Jan;256:107042. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107042. Epub 2022 Oct 22.
Large amounts of TENORM waste (produced water, scale, and sludge) are created in oilfields around the world, presenting radiological risks to employees, the public, and the environment since activity concentrations of radioactive substances were above the exemption levels accredited by several authorities. Using the activity concentration of the radium-isotopes (Ra and Ra) in the waste, we determined the 'fingerprint' as a radiochemical signature and some relevant 'radiological hazard parameters' in this review. The majority of the reported residues take the form of radio-contaminated (produced water, scale, and sludge) generated in Egypt's oilfields or elsewhere include radium isotope activity concentrations (Ra) that exceed the international exemption limit. The activity concentrations of Ra(U-series) in produced water, scale, and sludge waste were 0.04-1,480 Bq/L, 1.1-2,015,000 Bq/kg, and 1-120,800 Bq/kg, respectively, whereas Ra (Th-series) was 0.34-250 Bq/L, 1.8-1,428,000 Bq/kg, and 10-122,830 Bq/kg, respectively. The radioactivities of radium isotopes were found to be above the exemption values recognized by WHO, IAEA, IOGP, EC, and ICRP in 95, 82, and 58% of produced water, scale, and sludge waste, respectively. The Ra(U)/Ra(Th) ratio, from the other hand, was estimated to be utilised as a 'radiochemical fingerprint', or signature in the reported TENORM residues. The radium isotopes ratio in produced water, scale, and sludge waste in Egypt's oilfields is 0.41-4.45 (av. 1.98 ± 1.37, coefficient of variation, COV %: ∼69%), 0.2-21.4 (av. 4.3 ± 4.7, ∼109%), and 1.4-52.2 (av. 9.6 ± 15.3, ∼159%), respectively. For produced water, scale, and sludge waste, the Ra/Ra ratios are 0.12-9.1 (av. 1.43 ± 1.72, ∼120%), 0.2-159 (av. 7.78 ± 23.5, ∼302%), and 0.8-223.5 (av. 14.1 ± 45.4, ∼322%) in global oilfields. The radiological hazard parameters (I, I, E, E, and ELCR) owing to radium isotopes or Rn in most scale and sludge residues, as well as a small percentage of produced water, are all over the allowed safe limits. Substantial differences in the radium isotopes ratio in the reported waste can be attributed to thier geological, chemical, physical, and/or operational constraints. However, from the different perspectives of remediation and/or radiation protection programs, these values can be employed as a guidance for organizations investing in oil and gas production.
大量的 TENORM 废物（生产水、水垢和污泥）在世界各地的油田中产生，由于放射性物质的活度浓度高于几个机构认可的豁免水平，对员工、公众和环境构成放射性风险。本研究利用废物中镭同位素（Ra 和 Ra）的活度浓度来确定“指纹”作为一种放射化学特征，并确定了一些相关的“放射性危害参数”。大多数报告的残留物的形式是放射性污染的（生产水、水垢和污泥），这些残留物产生于埃及油田或其他地方，包括镭同位素活度浓度（Ra）超过国际豁免限值。生产水中的 Ra(U 系列)、水垢和污泥废物中的活度浓度分别为 0.04-1480 Bq/L、1.1-2015000 Bq/kg 和 1-120800 Bq/kg，而 Ra(Th 系列)则为 0.34-250 Bq/L、1.8-1428000 Bq/kg 和 10-122830 Bq/kg。结果表明，镭同位素的放射性活度在 95%、82%和 58%的生产水、水垢和污泥废物中分别高于世界卫生组织、国际原子能机构、国际石油工业环境保护协会、欧盟和国际辐射防护委员会认可的豁免值。另一方面，从其他方面来看，Ra(U)/Ra(Th) 比值可被估计为报告的 TENORM 残留物中的“放射化学指纹”或特征。埃及油田生产水中的镭同位素比值为 0.41-4.45（平均值为 1.98±1.37，变异系数，COV%：约 69%），水垢中的为 0.2-21.4（平均值为 4.3±4.7，约 109%），污泥中的为 1.4-52.2（平均值为 9.6±15.3，约 159%）。在全球油田中，生产水、水垢和污泥废物中的 Ra/Ra 比值分别为 0.12-9.1（平均值为 1.43±1.72，约 120%）、0.2-159（平均值为 7.78±23.5，约 302%）和 0.8-223.5（平均值为 14.1±45.4，约 322%）。由于镭同位素或 Rn 引起的放射性危害参数（I、I、E、E 和 ELCR）在大多数水垢和污泥残留物中，以及一小部分生产水中，都超过了允许的安全限值。报告的废物中镭同位素比值的显著差异可归因于其地质、化学、物理和/或操作限制。然而，从修复和/或辐射防护计划的不同角度来看，这些值可以作为投资石油和天然气生产的组织的指导。
Zotero 插件