Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, University of Novo Mesto, Na Loko 2, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia.
Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, Izolska Vrata 2, 6000 Koper, Slovenia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 18;19(20):13482. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013482.
In 2020, with a substantial decline in tourist arrivals slightly before the time of COVID-19, the innovative econometric approach predicted possible responses between the spread of human microbes (bacteria/viruses) and tourist arrivals. The article developed a conceptually tested econometric model for predicting an exogenous shock on tourist arrivals driven by the spread of disease using a time series approach. The reworked study is based on an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to avoid spurious results. The periods of robust empirical study were obtained from the data vectors i) from January 2008 to December 2018 and ii) from January 2008 to December 2020. The data were obtained from the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. The ARIMA model predicted the number of declines in tourist arrivals for the approaching periods due to the spread of viruses. Before the outbreak of COVID-19, pre-pandemic results confirmed a one-fifth drop in tourist arrivals in the medium term. In the short term, the decline could be more than three-quarters. A further shock can be caused by forecasted bacterial infections; less likely to reduce tourist demand in the long term. The results can improve the evidence for public health demand in risk reduction for tourists as possible patients. The data from the NIPH are crucial for monitoring public health and tourism management as a base for predictions of unknown events.
2020 年,在新冠疫情前,游客数量大幅下降,这种创新的计量经济学方法预测了人类微生物(细菌/病毒)传播和游客数量之间可能的反应。本文开发了一种概念上经过验证的计量经济学模型,用于使用时间序列方法预测由疾病传播驱动的游客数量的外生冲击。重新研究的基础是自回归综合移动平均 (ARIMA) 模型,以避免虚假结果。稳健的经验研究期是从以下数据向量中获得的:i)2008 年 1 月至 2018 年 12 月,ii)2008 年 1 月至 2020 年 12 月。数据来自国家公共卫生研究所 (NIPH) 和斯洛文尼亚共和国统计局。ARIMA 模型预测了由于病毒传播,未来几个时期游客数量下降的情况。在新冠疫情爆发之前,大流行前的结果证实,中期游客数量将减少五分之一。在短期内,降幅可能超过四分之三。预计细菌感染可能会造成进一步的冲击;不太可能在长期内减少游客需求。这些结果可以为公共卫生需求提供更多证据,以降低游客作为可能患者的风险。NIPH 的数据对于监测公共卫生和旅游管理至关重要,是预测未知事件的基础。