Tompros Adrianna, Wilber Mark Q, Fenton Andy, Carter Edward Davis, Gray Matthew J
Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Sep 28;8(10):1025. doi: 10.3390/jof8101025.
The emerging fungal amphibian pathogen, (), is currently spreading across Europe and given its estimated invasion potential, has the capacity to decimate salamander populations worldwide. Fungicides are a promising in situ management strategy for due to their ability to treat the environment and infected individuals. However, antifungal drugs or pesticides could adversely affect the environment and non-target hosts, thus identifying safe, effective candidate fungicides for in situ treatment is needed. Here, we estimated the inhibitory fungicidal efficacy of five plant-derived fungicides (thymol, curcumin, allicin, 6-gingerol, and Pond Pimafix) and one chemical fungicide (Virkon Aquatic) against zoospores in vitro. We used a broth microdilution method in 48-well plates to test the efficacy of six concentrations per fungicide on zoospore viability. Following plate incubation, we performed cell viability assays and agar plate growth trials to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of each fungicide. All six fungicides exhibited inhibitory and fungicidal effects against growth, with estimated MIC concentrations ranging from 60 to 0.156 μg/mL for the different compounds. Allicin showed the greatest efficacy (i.e., lowest MIC and MFC) against zoospores followed by curcumin, Pond Pimafix, thymol, 6-gingerol, and Virkon Aquatic, respectively. Our results provide evidence that plant-derived fungicides are effective at inhibiting and killing zoospores in vitro and may be useful for in situ treatment. Additional studies are needed to estimate the efficacy of these fungicides at inactivating in the environment and treating -infected amphibians.
新出现的真菌性两栖动物病原体（）目前正在欧洲蔓延，鉴于其估计的入侵潜力，有能力使全球蝾螈种群数量大幅减少。由于杀菌剂能够处理环境和受感染个体，因此是一种很有前景的原位管理策略。然而，抗真菌药物或农药可能会对环境和非目标宿主产生不利影响，因此需要确定用于原位处理的安全、有效的候选杀菌剂。在此，我们估计了五种植物源杀菌剂（百里香酚、姜黄素、大蒜素、6-姜酚和池塘吡喃酮）和一种化学杀菌剂（卫可）对体外游动孢子的抑制杀菌效果。我们在48孔板中使用肉汤微量稀释法测试了每种杀菌剂六个浓度对游动孢子活力的效果。平板培养后，我们进行了细胞活力测定和琼脂平板生长试验，以估计每种杀菌剂的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MFC）。所有六种杀菌剂均对的生长表现出抑制和杀菌作用，不同化合物的估计MIC浓度范围为60至0.156μg/mL。大蒜素对游动孢子的效果最佳（即最低的MIC和MFC），其次分别是姜黄素、池塘吡喃酮、百里香酚、6-姜酚和卫可。我们的结果表明，植物源杀菌剂在体外能够有效抑制和杀死游动孢子，可能对原位处理有用。需要进一步研究来估计这些杀菌剂在使环境中的失活以及治疗感染两栖动物方面的效果。
