Silva Shalika, Matz Lisa, Elmassry Moamen M, San Francisco Michael J
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Biofilm. 2019 Oct 31;1:100009. doi: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2019.100009. eCollection 2019 Dec.
is a globally distributed generalist pathogen that has driven many amphibian populations to extinction. The life cycle of has two main cell types, motile zoospores, and sessile reproductive sporangia. When grown in a nutrient-rich liquid medium, forms aggregates of sporangia that transition into monolayers on surfaces and at the air-liquid interface. Pathogenic microorganisms use biofilms as mechanisms of group interactions to survive under harsh conditions in the absence of a suitable host. We used fluorescent and electron microscopy, crystal violet, transcriptomic, and gas chromatographic analyses to understand the characteristics of monolayers. The cell-free monolayer fraction showed the presence of extracellular ribose, mannose, xylose, galactose, and glucose. Transcriptome analysis showed that 27%, 26%, and 4% of the genes were differentially expressed between sporangia/zoospores, monolayer/zoospores, and sporangia/monolayer pairs respectively. In pond water studies, zoospores developed into sporangia and formed floating aggregates at the air-water interface and attached film on the bottom of growth flasks. We propose that can form surface-attached monolayers in nutrient-rich environments and aggregates of sporangia in nutrient-poor aquatic systems. These monolayers and aggregates may facilitate dispersal and survival of the fungus in the absence of a host. We provide evidence for using a combination of plant-based chemicals, allicin, gingerol, and curcumin as potential anti-chytrid drugs to mitigate chytridiomycosis.
是一种全球分布的泛化病原体，已导致许多两栖动物种群灭绝。其生命周期有两种主要细胞类型，即游动的游动孢子和固着的繁殖孢子囊。当在营养丰富的液体培养基中生长时，会形成孢子囊聚集体，这些聚集体在表面和空气 - 液体界面处转变为单层。致病微生物利用生物膜作为群体相互作用的机制，以便在没有合适宿主的恶劣条件下生存。我们使用荧光和电子显微镜、结晶紫、转录组学和气相色谱分析来了解单层的特征。无细胞单层部分显示存在细胞外核糖、甘露糖、木糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖。转录组分析表明，分别在孢子囊/游动孢子、单层/游动孢子和孢子囊/单层对之间，有27%、26%和4%的基因差异表达。在池塘水研究中，游动孢子发育成孢子囊，并在空气 - 水界面形成漂浮聚集体，在生长瓶底部形成附着膜。我们提出，在营养丰富的环境中可以形成表面附着的单层，在营养贫乏的水生系统中形成孢子囊聚集体。这些单层和聚集体可能有助于真菌在没有宿主的情况下传播和生存。我们提供了证据，证明使用基于植物的化学物质、大蒜素、姜辣素和姜黄素的组合作为潜在的抗蛙壶菌药物来减轻壶菌病。
