Rodrigues Carlos J C, de Carvalho Carla C C R
Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
Microorganisms. 2022 Oct 5;10(10):1965. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10101965.
Oceans possess tremendous diversity in microbial life. The enzymatic machinery that marine bacteria present is the result of extensive evolution to assist cell survival under the harsh and continuously changing conditions found in the marine environment. Several bacterial cells and enzymes are already used at an industrial scale, but novel biocatalysts are still needed for sustainable industrial applications, with benefits for both public health and the environment. Metagenomic techniques have enabled the discovery of novel biocatalysts, biosynthetic pathways, and microbial identification without their cultivation. However, a key stage for application of novel biocatalysts is the need for rapid evaluation of the feasibility of the bioprocess. Cultivation of not-yet-cultured bacteria is challenging and requires new methodologies to enable growth of the bacteria present in collected environmental samples, but, once a bacterium is isolated, its enzyme activities are easily measured. High-throughput screening techniques have also been used successfully, and innovative in vitro screening platforms to rapidly identify relevant enzymatic activities continue to improve. Small-scale approaches and process integration could improve the study and development of new bioprocesses to produce commercially interesting products. In this work, the latest studies related to (i) the growth of marine bacteria under laboratorial conditions, (ii) screening techniques for bioprospecting, and (iii) bioprocess development using microreactors and miniaturized systems are reviewed and discussed.
海洋中微生物的生命形式具有巨大的多样性。海洋细菌所呈现的酶机制是其在海洋环境中严酷且不断变化的条件下为辅助细胞生存而进行广泛进化的结果。几种细菌细胞和酶已在工业规模上得到应用，但可持续工业应用仍需要新型生物催化剂，这对公众健康和环境都有益处。宏基因组技术使得无需培养就能发现新型生物催化剂、生物合成途径以及进行微生物鉴定。然而，新型生物催化剂应用的一个关键阶段是需要快速评估生物过程的可行性。培养尚未培养的细菌具有挑战性，需要新方法来促使采集的环境样品中存在的细菌生长，但是，一旦分离出一种细菌，其酶活性就很容易测定。高通量筛选技术也已成功应用，并且用于快速鉴定相关酶活性的创新体外筛选平台也在不断改进。小规模方法和过程整合可以改善生产具有商业价值产品的新生物过程的研究与开发。在这项工作中，我们对与（i）实验室条件下海洋细菌的生长、（ii）生物勘探的筛选技术以及（iii）使用微反应器和小型化系统进行生物过程开发相关的最新研究进行了综述和讨论。
